Effect of silica additive on the thermal stability of catalysts for NOx abatement

The aim of the plesent investigation was to study the effect of SiO₂ addition on the thermal deactivation of V₂O₅/WO₃/TiO₂ catalysts used for NOx pollution abatement. The results suggest that the degradation of the catalytic properties is strongly correlated to the structural ageing which is, in turn, mainly related to the anatase–rutile phase transformation and to the WO₃ phase segregation. The addition of SiO₂ strongly influences the temperature at which these phenomena occur. In fact, it was found that the introduction of this oxide stabilizes the material, retarding the collapse of surface area, and increases the temperature of the anatase to rutile phase transition.     

Multiple paternity and colony homeostasis in<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Lasius niger</Emphasis> ants

Multiple mating by social insect queens is a common phenomenon despite likely imposing substantial costs on queens. Mating with several males could be adaptive if a more genetically diverse worker force is better able to always handle any task sufficiently well, leading to a higher colony homeostasis. If multiple-paternity colonies are more homeostatic, then I propose that they may constitute less stressful rearing environments for developing sexuals. The effective stress levels experienced by developing males and queens may, however, also depend on colony productivity and sex-ratio preferences. I tested these hypotheses in the ant Lasius niger by examining whether the fluctuating asymmetry, means and coefficients of variation of a set of phenotypic traits in males and new queens co-varied with the effective number of patrilines per colony, colony productivity or sex ratio.Little support was found that the level of intra-colonial genetic diversity affects the variation of phenotype in sexuals. In 1 out of 2 years, however, females from colonies with high effective patriline numbers were heavier relative to their head width than were females from colonies with few patrilines. Support was found for the hypothesis that colonies with more resources may invest more in individual sexuals, and tendencies suggested that sexuals may receive better treatment when they belong to the majority sex of their colony.Communicated by J. Heinze     

Na_2CO_3/H_2O_2“稳定”的CO_2的型体研究(Ⅰ)——“稳定性二氧化氯”溶液中氯氧化物的类型及性能分析

本文对以稳定剂H_2O_2和Na_2CO_3与ClO_2制备的所谓“稳定性二氧化氯” 溶液中ClO_2存在型体及碳酸盐存在型体进行了分析,同时对“稳定性二氧化氯”的热稳定性、酸活化影响因素以及杀菌效果等方面进行了研究,并与纯NaClO_2和ClO_2进行了对比.结果表明:“稳定性二氧化氯”溶液中ClO_2是以亚氯酸盐ClO_2~-型体存在,碳酸盐是以碳酸氢盐型体存在.又通过理论分析证明“稳定性二氧化氯”溶液制备过程中ClO_2与H_2O_2和Na_2CO_3发生了氧化还原和质子传递反应,生成了亚氯酸盐ClO_2~-和碳酸氢盐HCO_3~-,并有O_2放出.因此,认为“稳定性二氧比氯”溶液是ClO_2与H_2O_2和Na_2CO_3反应生成的ClO_2~-和HCO_3~-的混合溶液.     

Stability and Mixing of a Vertical Axisymmetric Buoyant Jet in Shallow Water

The stability, mixing and effect of downstream control on axisymmetric turbulent buoyant jets discharging vertically into shallow stagnant water is studied using 3D Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations (RANS) combined with a buoyancy-extended k –ε model. The steady axisymmetric turbulent flow, temperature (or tracer concentration) and turbulence fields are computed using the finite volume method on a high resolution grid. The numerical predictions demonstrate two generic flow patterns for different turbulent heated jet discharges and environmental parameters (i) a stable buoyant discharge with the mixed fluid leaving the vertical jet region in a surface warm water layer; and (ii) an unstable buoyant discharge with flow recirculation and re-entrainment of heated water. A stratified counterflow region always appears in the far-field for both stable and unstable buoyant discharges. Provided that the domain radius L exceeds about 6H, the near field interaction and hence discharge stability is governed chiefly by the jet momentum length scale to depth ratio l_M/H, regardless of downstream control. The near field jet stability criterion is determined to be l_M/H = 3.5. A radial internal hydraulic jump always exists beyond the surface impingement region, with a 3- to 6-fold increase in dilution across the jump compared with vertical buoyant jet mixing. The predicted stability category, velocity and temperature/concentration fields are well-supported by experiments of all previous investigators.     

水体与土壤中天然有机物与铜的络合作用及其影响因素

采用络合滴定方法测定了不同反应条件下水体DOC和土壤WSOC与铜的络合参数。比较了土壤WSOC与FA、HA及与水体DOC络合参数的差异。实验结果表明：pH降低，络合稳定常数下降；滴定浓度范围降低，测定络合条件稳定常数升高；离子强度上升，络合稳定常数相应下降。2个样的WSOC络合稳定常数测定结果分别为4．66和4．64，高于水体DOC；络合容量分别为0．079和0．023mmol(Cu)/mg(C)，低于DOC。考虑到络合位初始浓度与其他因素的影响，WSOC与FA和HA样品的络合能力相差不大。     

卫生填埋场结构稳定性问题分析

卫生填埋是一项特殊的工程，可能产生结构稳定性问题。本文根据填埋工程的特点，从填埋工程与地质环境相互作用的角度，分析了卫生填埋场边坡、地基、填埋体、垃圾坝等的稳定性问题的产生原因、影响因素及其表现形式。填埋工程改变了填埋场原有的力系平衡，填埋体成分结构复杂、抗剪强度低、压缩变形大是填埋场结构稳定性问题产生的主要原因：参滤液和填埋气体的孔隙压力、渗滤液的渗透压力、填埋气体爆炸的冲击力、施工作业的人为营力是影响填埋场结构稳定性的主要作用力；抗滑稳定性、渗透稳定性和沉降是填埋场结构稳定性的主要表现形式。     

Assemblage stability in stream fishes: A review

We quantified the stability of nine stream fish assemblages by calculating coefficients of variation of population size for assemblage members. Coefficients of variation were high and averaged over 96%; indicating that most assemblages were quite variable. Coefficient of variation (CV) estimates were not significantly affected by: (1) years of study, (2) mean abundance, (3) familial classification, or (4) mean interval between collections. We also detected minor regional differences in CVs. The high variability exhibited by many stream fish assemblages suggests that it may be difficult to detect the effects of anthropogenic disturbances using population data alone. Consequently, we urge managers to exercise caution in the evaluation of the effects of these disturbances. More long-term studies of the ecological characteristics of undisturbed stream fish assemblages are needed to provide a benchmark against which disturbed systems can be compared. We suggest that CVs are a better estimator of population/assemblage stability, than either Kendall's W or the standard deviation of the logarithms of numerical censuses. This conclusion is based on the following reasons. First, CVs scale population variation by the mean and, hence, more accurately measure population variability. Second, this scaling permits the comparison of populations with different mean abundances. Finally, the interpretation of CV values is less ambiguous than either of the aforementioned metrics.     

AQUATIC HABITAT CONDITION INDEX,STREAM TYPE,AND LWESTOCK BANK DAMAGE IN NORTHERN NEVADA1

ABSTRACT: The quality of stream habitat varies for a variety of natural and anthropogenic reasons not identified by a condition index. However, many people use condition indices to indicate management needs or even direction. To better sort natural from livestock influences, stream types and levels of ungulate bank damage were regulated to estimates of aquatic habitat condition index and stream width parameters in a large existing stream inventory data base. Pool/riffle ratio, pool structure, stream bottom materials, soil stability, and vegetation type varied significantly with stream type. Pool/riffle ratio, soil and vegetation stability varied significantly with ungulate bank damage level. Soil and vegetation stability were highly cross-correlated. Riparian area width did not vary significantly with either stream type or ungulate bank damage. Variation among stream types indicates that riparian management and monitoring should be stream type and reach specific.     

聚酚氧磷氰的合成及其应用

本文从聚合物的热稳定性和耐燃性角度出发，合成了线性聚二氯磷腈和聚酚氧磷腈，探索了各步的分离提纯方法，鉴定了化合物的结构。实验结果表明，聚酚氧磷腈的氧指数高达３３，热重分析显示聚酚氧磷腈具有较好的热稳定性，在８００℃时残余物仍为３３％，当将聚酚氧磷腈与聚苯乙烯相混合时，改善了聚苯乙烯的热稳定性和耐燃性。     

循环经济与煤矿产业生态系统稳定性的实现途径

循环经济是人类克服环境污染、盗源短缺的困境．追求可持续发展的思想产物。循环经济倡导资源、经济、环境、社会和谐的可持续发展模式。循环经济模式下，煤矿区产业生态系统的稳定性直接关系到矿区循环经济系统运行的效率。为实现煤矿区产业生态系统的可持续发展．文中首先从交易性因素和非交易性因素两个维度对影响矿区产业生态系统稳定性的因素进行了分析；在此基础上．引入合作博弈法对其稳定性进行了判定；最后。结合在济三煤矿的实际分析与研究。给出了促进煤矿区产业生态系统稳定性的几点对策。这对于煤矿区改变经济增长方式。发展循环经济，探索新型工业化道路有一定的指导意义。