天津汉沽生物稳定塘藻类群落变化与污水净化

汉沽生物稳定塘建成后的藻类调查结果表明，随污水的净化，藻类的群落结构发生了明显变化；从入水口至生态塘出口，藻类的种类数，种类多样性指数ｄ值不断上升，出水口平均达２６．８种，累积达５６种；ｄ平均为１．４２；优势种由耐污种逐渐变为中污种；藻类的数量随污染物浓度的下降而上升，平均为４１１５５．６×１０＾４个／Ｌ。水中的ＳＳ，ＢＯＤ５，ＣＯＤ，ＮＨ３－Ｎ，ＰＯ４－Ｐ等的浓度与藻类的种类数呈直线相关，与藻类     

西海堤垃圾场和西田垃圾场陈垃圾特性研究

结合深圳市宝安区西海堤垃圾场和西田垃圾场现场实验，分析了陈垃圾的物理成分，并将其与新鲜垃圾物理成分作对比，得出易降解有机物含量、塑胶含量和无机物含量与陈垃圾稳定化的关系。     

超深厌氧塘的经济分析

本文采用系列设计法，对超深厌氧塘的经济可行性进行了分析研究，建立了费用估算模式并计算出临界地价，为实际应用提供了依据。     

A study on the hydraulics of waste stabilization pond

In this study, tracer tests and organic removal tests were conducted on three different ponds in the purpose of evaluating the influence of the flow velocity and dispersion on the hydraulic efficiency of the pond. The authors have compared the hydraulic flow patterns among ponds with different configurations. Experimental and theoretical analyses were performed. This study indicated that the flow characteristics of square ponds are different from that of baffled ponds; the flow velocity and dispersion are equally important factors which affect the pond hydraulics; the number of inserting baffles can be optimized; and the hydraulic efficiency of multistage ponds is superior to that of baffled ponds.     

Stabilization of metals in acidic mine spoil with amendments and red fescue (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Festuca rubra</Emphasis> L.) growth

Stabilization of metals with amendments and red fescue (Festuca rubra, cv. Keszthelyi 2) growth was studied on an acidic and phytotoxic mine spoil (pH_KCl 3.20–3.26; Cd 7.1 mg kg^?1, Cu 120 mg kg^?1, Pb 2154 mg kg^?1 and Zn 605 mg kg^?1) from Gyöngyösoroszi, Hungary in a pot experiment. Raising the pH above 5.0 by lime (CaCO₃), and supplementing with 40 mg kg^?1nitrogen (NH₄NO₃) made this material suitable for plant growth. All cultures were limed with 0.5% (m/m) CaCO₃ (treatment 1), which was combined with 5% (m/m) municipal sewage sludge compost (treatment 2), 5% (m/m) peat (treatment 3), 7.5% (m/m) natural zeolite (clinoptilolite) (treatment 4), and 0.5 (m/m) KH₂PO₄ (treatment 5). Treatments 1–5 were combined with each other (treatment 6). After 60 days of red fescue growth, pH of the limed mine spoil decreased in all cultures units. Application of peat caused the highest pH decrease (1.15), while decrease of pH was less than 0.23 in treatments 2, 5 or 6. Application of lime significantly reduced concentrations of metals in the ‘plant available’ fraction of mine spoil compared to non-limed mine spoil. Amendments added to limed mine spoil changed variously the ratio of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn in exchangeable or ‘plant available’ fractions, differently influencing the phytoavailability of these metals. Most of the metals were captured in the roots of test plants. Treatment 2 caused the appearance of less Cd in shoots (<0.1 μg g^?1) or roots (3.11 μg g^?1), while treatment 5 resulted in the highest Cd concentration (2.13 μg g^?1) in shoots. Treatments did not influence significantly the Cu accumulation in shoots. The Pb accumulation of roots (44.7 μg g^?1) was most effectively inhibited by combined treatment, while the highest value (136 μg g^?1) was found in the culture treated with potassium phosphate. Pb concentration in shoots was below the detection limit, except for treatments 5 and 6. Peat application resulted in higher Zn concentration (448 μg g^?1) in shoots than other amendments, where these values were around 100 μg g^?1. All amendments influenced positively the dry matter yield of red fescue grown in limed mine spoil, however the application of 0.5 phosphate was less favourable. Liming, application of amendments and growth of red fescue can stabilize metals in acidic and phytotoxic mine spoil, and by phytostabilization they can reduce the risk of metal contamination of the food chain.     

生物反应器填埋场稳定技术

通过模拟实验研究了污泥接种、回灌前对渗滤液进行加热、不同的渗滤液回灌频率对生物反应器填埋场稳定进程的影响。研究表明，污泥接种、回灌前对渗滤液进行加热、较高的环境温度均有利于生物反应器填埋场快速稳定，垃圾填埋前期较低的渗滤液回灌频率有助于生物反应器填埋场快速进入产甲烷阶段，后期较高的渗滤液回灌频率则有利于填埋垃圾较快稳定。     

Vegetation development in coastal foredunes in relation to methods of establishing marram grass ( Ammophila arenaria )

In coastal foredunes marram grass (Ammophila arenaria) is used to stabilize windblown sand. The development of traditionally plantedAmmophila into a more natural foredune vegetation may take 5–10 yr. For economic reasons, traditional planting may be replaced by alternative techniques such as planting seeds or disk-harrowing rhizome fragments. In this paper, we compare the initial vegetation development of traditionally planted stands with stands established from seeds and from rhizomes. The experiments were conducted on an artificial foredune originating from dredged sea sand. The total experimental area covered more than 100 ha and the vegetation development was studied for 6 yr. The data were analysed bya priori grouping of plant species according to their ecology, as well as by Principal Components Analysis (PCA) and Redundancy Analysis (RA) of the percentage ground cover per plant species. Comparing ecological groups of plants showed that all planting methods delivered equal numbers of plant species that are indicative for coastal dunes. PCA and RA showed that methods based on the use of rhizome material resulted in a higher percentage cover of clonal perennials (Calammophila baltica, Festuca rubra ssp.arenaria, Carex arenaria andCirsium arvense) than the traditionally planted stands and the stands obtained from seeds. The latter two were characterized by the dominance of annuals, bi-annuals and (mostly nonrhizomatous) perennials. Initially, the rates of succession were highest in the stands obtained from rhizomes. However, after 3–6 yr there were no differences between the various stands. During the first four years, the percentage cover by rhizomatous foredune plants developed faster than that of annuals, bi-annuals and perennials. After 6 yr, the latter contributed almost as much to the percentage cover as the clonal species.     

Possibilities for management of coastal foredunes with deteriorated stands ofAmmophila arenaria (marram grass)

Ammophila arenaria (marram grass) is the most important plant species for sand stabilization in European coastal foredunes. Stand degeneration due to poor supply of wind-blown sand enhances the susceptibility for wind erosion when successional species do not become established. ReplantedA. arenaria often fails to become established. In the present study we examined whether management practices such as mowing, fertilizing, burning or below-ground cutting of plants may be applied to re-establish the vigour ofA. arenaria. Field experiments performed at exposed sites, where naturally succeeding plant species are not supposed to become established due to salt spray, showed that none of the applied methods resulted into enhanced tiller density ofA. arenaria. Thus, further studies are necessary to solve this type of management problem. At the leeward side of foredunes, the successional speciesFestuca rubra ssp.arenaria andElymus athericus could be established successfully as both pre-grown seedlings and planted bundles of cuttings (all further experiments were fertilized). When planted in spring, cuttings of successional plant species established less than those planted in early winter. Water repellency of the sand surface is supposed to be the main cause for this. Pre-grown seedlings were less susceptible for the season of planting. Direct sowing was not effective. Rabbit browsing had to be omitted to obtain successful establishment. When living rhizomes of successional plant species were still present in the soil profile, fencing alone turned out to be effective to re-establish vegetation at initially bare sites.     

城市大气稳定度分级模型的研究

应用大气扩散模型计算大气污染物浓度时 ,大气稳定度的确定非常重要。综合考虑气温和总云量与日照强度之间的关系 ,建立了大气稳定度分级的模糊数学法 ;证明了应用该方法求大气稳定度的精度明显高于应用其它方法的精度 ;编写了简单适用的计算机程序 ,大大方便了该模型的应用。     

吸附材料对钒矿污染土壤重金属的稳定化效果

选用壳聚糖和活性炭两种吸附材料,分别以不同的质量比添加到供试土壤中,固化后进行毒性浸出实验,研究吸附材料对土壤中钒(V)、铬(Cr)的稳定化效果,并通过表征吸附材料的红外光谱(FTIR)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)探究吸附材料对V、Cr的稳定化机理.结果表明,壳聚糖对V、Cr均有较好的稳定化效果,活性炭对V的稳定化效果不稳定,对Cr的稳定化效果很好.吸附材料添加量的改变对稳定化效果影响不大.稳定化30d时,0.5%壳聚糖对V、Cr的稳定化率分别为74.04%、46.77%;0.5%活性炭对V、Cr的稳定化率分别为1.86%、87.75%.FTIR和XPS表征结果表明,壳聚糖中含活性强的氨基和羟基较多,活性炭中含氨基、羟基较少.因此壳聚糖和活性炭可作为土壤重金属的稳定剂,使钒矿污染土壤得到修复.