甘肃白银东大沟铅锌镉复合污染场地水泥固化稳定化原位修复

以甘肃白银东大沟Pb、Zn、Cd复合污染土壤为研究对象,通过毒性浸出、形态提取、微观分析等手段,研究了水泥对重金属污染场地的固化稳定化效果及适用性.毒性浸出结果表明,水泥对污染土壤中Cd、Zn能够起到较好的固化稳定化作用,在5%的添加量下,水泥对Cd、Zn的修复效率分别达到99.5%~100%、96.6%~98.8%,而Pb的浸出浓度提高了2.6~5.8倍;在8%的添加量下,水泥对Cd、Zn的修复效率分别达到99.6%~100%,94.4%~97.9%,而Pb的浸出浓度提高了1.9~12.5倍.形态分析结果表明,水泥能够使土壤中的酸可提取态Cd、Zn向残渣态转化,可还原态Pb向可氧化态、残渣态转化,稳定性增强.微观特征分析结果表明,Pb~(2+)、Zn2+、Cd2+这3种离子可以参与水泥的水化反应,生成相应的硅酸盐矿物和氢氧化物,进而对其起到固化稳定化作用.综上,水泥在重金属污染场地修复工程中具有良好的优势,但在具体应用过程中需注意场地及环境条件的特殊性.     

纯氧曝气用于市政污泥自热高温好氧消化的研究

将纯氧曝气自热高温好氧消化技术应用于市政污泥处理,并与传统的空气曝气系统进行对比,系统考察了纯氧曝气自热高温好氧消化反应器的运行性能。研究发现:在合理的纯氧曝气量下可以实现污泥的稳定化,纯氧曝气用于污泥自热高温好氧消化的氧气利用率高达82.7%,明显高于空气曝气的26.3%。该条件下的纯氧曝气量仅为空气曝气量的1/20,极大降低了由尾气排放所造成的热量损失,有利于系统的保温。然而纯氧曝气量太低,不能满足系统的需氧要求,太高则会造成系统中DO浓度过高,在高温环境下会抑制微生物的生长,这些都会最终降低污泥的稳定化效果。     

土壤性质对单一及复合污染下外源镉稳定化过程的影响

通过对11个性质差异较大的土壤进行室内培养(土壤水分65%～70%WHC,温度25℃),观测了镉(Cd)单一和镉-铅(Cd-Pb)复合污染360 d内有效Cd含量随时间的变化,利用动力学模型对其稳定化过程进行模拟,并采用相关和逐步回归分析讨论了土壤理化性质对外源Cd稳定化过程的影响.结果表明,不同土壤中有效态Cd含量均在培养开始的15 d内迅速下降,随后变化减缓,培养60 d后基本达到平衡,其稳定化过程可用二级动力学方程、一阶指数衰减函数进行模拟.Pb的存在提高了Cd的有效性.模型的动力学参数稳定化平衡含量和表观速率常数可用来表征Cd的稳定化过程.土壤性质对这2个关键参数有显著影响,高pH值和高阳离子交换量(CEC)对Cd平衡含量有极显著的抑制作用,且pH值的直接抑制作用最大;土壤质地影响Cd的稳定化速率常数,在黏粒含量少、砂粒含量多的土壤中Cd能够更快达到平衡.     

垃圾填埋气火焰稳定特性试验研究

针对大气式燃烧器在燃烧垃圾填埋气时的火焰稳定特性进行了实验研究,设计了一种结构简单、效果明显的填埋气火焰稳定装置.这种装置对于低热值燃气的稳定燃烧能起到较好的作用.     

Vegetation development in coastal foredunes in relation to methods of establishing marram grass ( Ammophila arenaria )

In coastal foredunes marram grass (Ammophila arenaria) is used to stabilize windblown sand. The development of traditionally plantedAmmophila into a more natural foredune vegetation may take 5–10 yr. For economic reasons, traditional planting may be replaced by alternative techniques such as planting seeds or disk-harrowing rhizome fragments. In this paper, we compare the initial vegetation development of traditionally planted stands with stands established from seeds and from rhizomes. The experiments were conducted on an artificial foredune originating from dredged sea sand. The total experimental area covered more than 100 ha and the vegetation development was studied for 6 yr. The data were analysed bya priori grouping of plant species according to their ecology, as well as by Principal Components Analysis (PCA) and Redundancy Analysis (RA) of the percentage ground cover per plant species. Comparing ecological groups of plants showed that all planting methods delivered equal numbers of plant species that are indicative for coastal dunes. PCA and RA showed that methods based on the use of rhizome material resulted in a higher percentage cover of clonal perennials (Calammophila baltica, Festuca rubra ssp.arenaria, Carex arenaria andCirsium arvense) than the traditionally planted stands and the stands obtained from seeds. The latter two were characterized by the dominance of annuals, bi-annuals and (mostly nonrhizomatous) perennials. Initially, the rates of succession were highest in the stands obtained from rhizomes. However, after 3–6 yr there were no differences between the various stands. During the first four years, the percentage cover by rhizomatous foredune plants developed faster than that of annuals, bi-annuals and perennials. After 6 yr, the latter contributed almost as much to the percentage cover as the clonal species.     

Lignin-based Carbon Fibers: Effect of Synthetic Polymer Blending on Fiber Properties

Carbon fibers have been produced from hardwood lignin/synthetic polymer blend fibers. Hardwood kraft lignin was thermally blended with two recyclable polymers, poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and polypropylene (PP). Both systems were easily spun into fibers. A thermostabilization step was utilized prior to carbonization to prevent fusion of individual fibers. For the lignin-based carbon fibers, careful control of heating rate was required. However, PET–lignin blend fibers can be thermostabilized under higher heating rates than the corresponding homofibers. Carbon fiber yield decreased with increasing incorporation of synthetic plastic. However, carbon fiber yield obtained for a 25% plastic blend fiber was still higher than that generally reported for petroleum pitch. Blend composition also affected surface morphology of the carbon fibers. Immiscible lignin–PP fibers resulted in a hollow and/or porous carbon fiber; whereas carbon fiber produced from miscible lignin–PET fibers have a smooth surface. Synthetic polymer blending also affected the mechanical properties of the fibers, especially MOE; lignin-based carbon fiber properties improved upon blending with PET.     

超深厌氧塘的经济分析

本文采用系列设计法，对超深厌氧塘的经济可行性进行了分析研究，建立了费用估算模式并计算出临界地价，为实际应用提供了依据。     

鸟粪石负载硅藻土复合材料对土壤中锌的稳定化作用

在模拟氮磷废水中制备回收了一种鸟粪石负载硅藻土复合材料（MAP-D材料）用于土壤中锌的稳定。通过SEM-EDS、XRD和FTIR表征以及重金属各形态、土壤酸中和能力、土壤速效磷和酶活性测定等分析手段,探讨了MAP-D材料对土壤中锌的稳定化的影响。结果表明,MAP-D材料主要成分为负载有鸟粪石的硅藻土,当投加10%的MAP-D材料,稳定8周后,土壤中锌的可交换态含量降低56.9%,残渣态增加50.5%,土壤酸中和能力提升1倍,并提升了被锌抑制的过氧化氢酶和脲酶的活性。由此说明,MAP-D材料对土壤中的锌存在一定的稳定能力,进而实现废水中回收产品的资源化利用。     

Influence of papermill sludge on growth of Medicago sativa, Festuca rubra and Agropyron trachycaulum in gold mine tailings: a greenhouse study

A greenhouse study was undertaken to determine the suitability of adding papermill sludge to neutral/alkaline gold mine tailings to improve the establishment of Festuca rubra, Agropyron trachycaulum and Medicago sativa. Festuca rubra root and shoot biomass and A. Trachycaulum shoot biomass were increased with papermill sludge amendment. The addition of papermill sludge and fertilizer drastically increased the shoot and root biomass of M. sativa (20-30 times) while A. trachycaulum and F. rubra showed a more moderate increase in growth. Photosynthetic pigment content of the leaves was higher in papermill sludge treatments than in the treatments without papermill sludge. The organic carbon content, macro-aggregate content and field capacity of the gold mine tailings were increased while the bulk density was decreased by the addition of papermill sludge. This study suggests that addition of papermill sludge and adequate fertilization can alleviate some of the adverse conditions of neutral/alkaline gold mine tailings.