污染场地六价铬的还原和微生物稳定化研究

通过采集苏州某化工原址场地铬污染土壤,首先加入石硫合剂使大部分六价铬[Cr(Ⅵ)]还原,再加入营养液促进土著微生物大量生长,利用微生物还原稳定化土壤中的铬.培养60 d后,通过毒性浸出、土壤中剩余Cr(Ⅵ)测定等实验确定稳定化效果,结果表明,加入5%营养液培养后,土壤毒性浸出液中Cr(Ⅵ)浓度由原来的8.26 mg·L-1降低到0.26 mg·L-1,降低了96.8%,总铬浓度由原来14.66 mg·L-1降低到0.63 mg·L-1,降低了95.7%.另外,通过高锰酸钾氧化实验和灭菌实验确定稳定化的持久性,高锰酸钾氧化后,仅通过还原处理的土壤浸出液中Cr(Ⅵ)由8.26 mg·L-1增加到14.68 mg·L-1,而经稳定化后的土壤浸出液中Cr(Ⅵ)降低到2.68 mg·L-1.稳定化后的土壤样品经紫外灭菌,发现微生物消亡后,对稳定化效果没有显著影响.因此,初步证明了高浓度高毒性的Cr(Ⅵ)污染土壤经初步还原后再经微生物稳定化治理是可行的,为Cr(Ⅵ)污染场地治理提供了一种高效低成本的修复技术.     

Fe3+负载凹凸棒土(Fe/ATP)结构表征及其稳定化修复镉(Cd)机制研究

以凹凸棒土(凹土,ATP)为原料,采用浸渍法制备Fe3+负载凹土(Fe/ATP),表征了其结构与形貌,研究了凹土和Fe/ATP对土壤中镉(Cd)的吸附效果,以浸出浓度作为稳定化评价指标,通过吸附前后凹土和Fe/ATP形貌等特征的变化探讨了稳定化修复Cd机制.结果表明,加入质量比20%的凹土和Fe/ATP,Cd的浸出浓度分别降低了45%和91%,说明Fe/ATP对土壤中Cd有显著的稳定化作用.形貌表征分析表明,凹土主要通过结构中的水、—OH基团和晶格缺陷来稳定Cd,而Fe/ATP对土壤中Cd稳定化作用可能主要来自—OH基团以及Fe—O中桥氧的贡献.凹土与氧化铁均为土壤中天然矿物,廉价易得且环境友好,制备方法简单易实现,该复合材料用于Cd污染土壤的稳定化修复具有较好的应用前景.     

Properties of steel foundry electric arc furnace dust solidified/stabilized with Portland cement

Electric arc furnace dust from steel production is generated in considerable amounts worldwide and needs to be treated as hazardous waste. The aim of this study was to investigate the properties of electric arc furnace dust solidified/stabilized by using Portland cement. Mortar and paste samples were prepared with varying waste-to-binder ratios between 0% and 90%. A comprehensive experimental program was designed including XRF characterization, setting time, unconfined compressive strength, and toxicity characteristics leaching procedure (TCLP), synthetic precipitation leaching procedure (SPLP), and acid neutralization capacity (ANC) tests. The results were evaluated in order to determine if the solidified /stabilized product can be disposed of at a landfill site with domestic waste or at a segregated landfill. The effect of using sand on S/S performance was also investigated. The results indicated that the solidification /stabilization process using PC helps the heavy metals to be bound in the cement matrix, but the TCLP leaching results exceeded the EPA landfilling limits. The SPLP leaching results conformed to the limits implying that the waste or S/S products can be disposed of at a segregated landfill; however the low ANC of the S/S products reveals that there may be leaching in the long-term. The sand used in the mortar samples adversely affected the S/S performance, causing higher heavy metal leaching levels, and lower pH levels in the leachate after the TCLP extraction than those measured in the leachate of the paste samples.     

危险废物稳定化/固化技术的现状与发展

本文对危险废物稳定化／固化处理技术的历史、现状以及今后的发展方向进行了较为系统的论述，对该技术在处理危险废物时所存在的问题进行了探讨，认为今后药剂稳定化技术在废物处置预处理领域将会占据重要的地位。     

基于BP神经网络的垃圾堆放场稳定化程度的综合判别

分析和判别垃圾堆放场的稳定化程度直接关系到是否需要采取加快稳定化进程，缩短垃圾堆放场的稳定化周期以及是否需要采取措施减少它们对环境的不利影响。本文根据我国垃圾堆放场的具体情况，提出稳定化程度的判别评价指标体系，并且确定稳定化程度的判别标准，运用BP神经网络建立垃圾堆放场稳定化程度的综合判别模型。以三峡库区的一个小型垃圾堆放场为例，采用本文所提出的综合评价模型确定它的稳定化程度，演示模型的运行过程，并为三峡库区的环境保护提供帮助。     

高分子螯合剂捕集重金属Pb2+的机理研究

探讨了当含铅废物中共存其他金属时,高分子螯合剂对捕集效果的影响,实验结果表明,此种螯合剂对铅去除率在９９．７％以上,不受钾,钠和钙离子存在的影响,并且也不受ｐＨ值变化的影响,当有铁禽子存在时,会降低铅的去除率,但钙离子的共存有利于铅的去除。     

Remediation of metal polluted mine soil with compost: co-composting versus incorporation

Trace element contamination of post-industrial sites represents a major environmental problem and sustainable management options for remediating them are required. This study compared two strategies for immobilizing trace elements (Cu, Pb, Zn, and As) in mine spoil: (1) co-composting contaminated soil with organic wastes and (2) conventional incorporation of mature compost into contaminated soil. Sequential chemical extraction of the soil was performed to determine temporal changes in trace element fractionation and bioavailability during composting and plant growth. We show that mine spoil can be co-composted successfully and this action causes significant shifts in metal availability. However, co-composting did not lead to significant differences in metal partitioning in soil or in plant metal uptake compared with simply mixing mine spoil with mature compost. Both treatments promoted plant growth and reduced metal accumulation in plants. We conclude that co-composting provides little additional benefit for remediating trace-element-polluted soil compared with incorporation of compost.     

经过水泥固化的重金属废物的穿透渗漏实验

采用穿透渗漏实验方法研究了经水泥固化的重金属废物的长期渗漏行为。用由Ｐｂ＾２＋、Ｚｎ＾２＋、Ｃｕ＾２＋、Ｎｉ＾２＋和Ｃｒ＾６＋５种重金属组成的合成废物样品进行２组实验。实验研究了渗漏实验液流速、ＰＨ的变化和金属渗漏能力对固体废物长期渗漏行为的影响。     

The role of European marram grass in dune stabilization and succession near Cape Agulhas, South Africa

The coastline near the southern tip of Africa is characterized by large mobile dunes that are driven along wide beaches by strong winds throughout the year. This results in the blockage of the river mouths causing severe flooding of the low-lying farmland of the Agulhas Plain during the rainy winter season. Large parts of the driftsands were stabilized with the European dune pioneer species Marram grass (Ammophila arenaria), which has proved highly invasive along the North American west coast. In order to establish the potential invasiveness ofA. arenaria in South African coastal dune systems and its role in the succession of a large stabilization area, studies were carried out on De Mond Nature Reverve. Using aerial photos, maps and planting records, the vegetation of sites of various ages were sampled. By means of this chronosequence of stands, there is clear evidence that succession takes place at De Mond. Four communities are distinguished, varying from recent plantings ofA. arenaria to mature dune thicket or dune fynbos (heath) vegetation. These relate to four different stages of succession,A. arenaria occurring in reduced abundance in the older communities. After 50 years, formerA. arenaria areas are usually covered by dense dune scrub and in some places even in asteraceous dune fynbos. Succession is most rapid in sheltered, moist dune slacks, butA. arenaria remains vigorous in conditions favourable for its growht, i.e. on exposed, steep dune slopes with strong sand movement.A. arenaria does not appear to spread unaidedly at De Mond and has been successfully used for temporary dune stabilization.     

微生物处理含油废水的实验研究

实验以天津大港油田受原油污染的土壤为菌源,原油为唯一碳源,采用限制性底物大剂量冲击驯化方式,共驯化、筛选分离出四株对原油有一定降解能力的优势微生物,初步认定为假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas);以此优势菌株为始发菌株,聚乙烯醇为载体,采用包埋法进行微生物固定化实验,实验结果表明:微生物固定化后微生物的活性相对稳定,可以认为聚乙烯醇是一种比较好的包埋载体。