Stabilization of metals in acidic mine spoil with amendments and red fescue (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Festuca rubra</Emphasis> L.) growth

Stabilization of metals with amendments and red fescue (Festuca rubra, cv. Keszthelyi 2) growth was studied on an acidic and phytotoxic mine spoil (pH_KCl 3.20–3.26; Cd 7.1 mg kg^?1, Cu 120 mg kg^?1, Pb 2154 mg kg^?1 and Zn 605 mg kg^?1) from Gyöngyösoroszi, Hungary in a pot experiment. Raising the pH above 5.0 by lime (CaCO₃), and supplementing with 40 mg kg^?1nitrogen (NH₄NO₃) made this material suitable for plant growth. All cultures were limed with 0.5% (m/m) CaCO₃ (treatment 1), which was combined with 5% (m/m) municipal sewage sludge compost (treatment 2), 5% (m/m) peat (treatment 3), 7.5% (m/m) natural zeolite (clinoptilolite) (treatment 4), and 0.5 (m/m) KH₂PO₄ (treatment 5). Treatments 1–5 were combined with each other (treatment 6). After 60 days of red fescue growth, pH of the limed mine spoil decreased in all cultures units. Application of peat caused the highest pH decrease (1.15), while decrease of pH was less than 0.23 in treatments 2, 5 or 6. Application of lime significantly reduced concentrations of metals in the ‘plant available’ fraction of mine spoil compared to non-limed mine spoil. Amendments added to limed mine spoil changed variously the ratio of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn in exchangeable or ‘plant available’ fractions, differently influencing the phytoavailability of these metals. Most of the metals were captured in the roots of test plants. Treatment 2 caused the appearance of less Cd in shoots (<0.1 μg g^?1) or roots (3.11 μg g^?1), while treatment 5 resulted in the highest Cd concentration (2.13 μg g^?1) in shoots. Treatments did not influence significantly the Cu accumulation in shoots. The Pb accumulation of roots (44.7 μg g^?1) was most effectively inhibited by combined treatment, while the highest value (136 μg g^?1) was found in the culture treated with potassium phosphate. Pb concentration in shoots was below the detection limit, except for treatments 5 and 6. Peat application resulted in higher Zn concentration (448 μg g^?1) in shoots than other amendments, where these values were around 100 μg g^?1. All amendments influenced positively the dry matter yield of red fescue grown in limed mine spoil, however the application of 0.5 phosphate was less favourable. Liming, application of amendments and growth of red fescue can stabilize metals in acidic and phytotoxic mine spoil, and by phytostabilization they can reduce the risk of metal contamination of the food chain.     

用改进的灰色识别法评价地表水环境质量——以北京石景山区莲花河新开渠为案例

简要论述了利用改进的灰色识别法评价地表水环境质量的计算原理、方法和步骤。改进的灰色识别法以灰色关联法为基础,针对运用灰色关联法对水环境质量进行评价中存在的问题,引入关联离散度和隶属度算法加以改进,并将水环境质量标准等级与相应的隶属度加权平均求得精确水质类别,进一步提高了分辨率和实用性。以北京市石景山区莲花河新开渠为案例,对地表水环境质量进行评价,确定其水质等级以及变化趋势,为水环境保护规划提供科学依据。结果表明:改进的灰色识别法可比性强,分辨率高,具有较高的实用价值。     

Possibilities for management of coastal foredunes with deteriorated stands ofAmmophila arenaria (marram grass)

Ammophila arenaria (marram grass) is the most important plant species for sand stabilization in European coastal foredunes. Stand degeneration due to poor supply of wind-blown sand enhances the susceptibility for wind erosion when successional species do not become established. ReplantedA. arenaria often fails to become established. In the present study we examined whether management practices such as mowing, fertilizing, burning or below-ground cutting of plants may be applied to re-establish the vigour ofA. arenaria. Field experiments performed at exposed sites, where naturally succeeding plant species are not supposed to become established due to salt spray, showed that none of the applied methods resulted into enhanced tiller density ofA. arenaria. Thus, further studies are necessary to solve this type of management problem. At the leeward side of foredunes, the successional speciesFestuca rubra ssp.arenaria andElymus athericus could be established successfully as both pre-grown seedlings and planted bundles of cuttings (all further experiments were fertilized). When planted in spring, cuttings of successional plant species established less than those planted in early winter. Water repellency of the sand surface is supposed to be the main cause for this. Pre-grown seedlings were less susceptible for the season of planting. Direct sowing was not effective. Rabbit browsing had to be omitted to obtain successful establishment. When living rhizomes of successional plant species were still present in the soil profile, fencing alone turned out to be effective to re-establish vegetation at initially bare sites.     

水质Fuzzy贴近度评价法的理论与模型

本文提出一种水质Ｆｕｚｚｙ贴近度评价模型，并对单项隶属度的确定方法以及加权问题作了若干新的探讨。     

不同治理度下小流域正态整体模型试验——林草措施对小流域径流泥沙的影响

首次运用正态整体模型模拟试验方法研究不同林草植被覆盖度下小流域径流泥沙变化规律,结果表明 :小流域林草植被具有良好的减水减沙效益 ,初步得出小流域治理水土保持林草措施最低下限值为60 % ,取得最佳水保效益的林草覆盖度值为78% ,流域径渗比临界值为林草覆盖度65%。     

模糊数学在大气环境质量评价中的应用

本文应用模糊数学方法对近年宜宾市城区大气环境质量进行综合评价,并与常用的其它几个模式进行可比分析,其更能描述大气污染程度的特点。因此模糊综合评判法对大气环境质量评价是一种有效的评价方法,它具有较强的实用性。     

社会、经济与环境协调发展指数评价模型

为了建立合理和实用的社会、经济与环境协调发展的评价指标体系和评价模型，分析了社会经济和环境指标体系具有的确定性和不确定性特征，应用集对分析中联系度的同异反态势排序法，给出了社会、经济发展和环境功能损害态势度表示，并提出了社会经济与环境之间协调发展满足的生长曲线指数计算公式。对大理市评价的实例表胆：基于联系度的同异的同异反态势排序的社会、经济与环境协调发展的评价指标体系和评价模型具有简单、实用的特点     

壳聚糖在活性污泥中的可生化性研究

以不同分子量和不同脱乙酰度的壳聚糖为对象,研究了壳聚糖溶液的COD和BOD5分别随分子量和脱乙酰度变化的规律,并将其应用于活性污泥法废水处理,研究了不同分子量和不同脱乙酰度的壳聚糖对微生物活性的影响及其抑菌作用。由壳聚糖溶液的BOD5/COD及其对微生物活性的影响初步得出壳聚糖在活性污泥中是不可生化的。     

壳聚糖在活性污泥中的可生化性研究

以不同分子量和不同脱乙酰度的壳聚糖为对象,研究了壳聚糖溶液的COD和BOD5分别随分子量和脱乙酰度变化的规律,并将其应用于活性污泥法废水处理,研究了不同分子量和不同脱乙酰度的壳聚糖对微生物活性的影响及其抑菌作用.由壳聚糖溶液的BOD5/COD及其对微生物活性的影响初步得出壳聚糖在活性污泥中是不可生化的.     

绿色企业模糊评判——以重庆某合资企业为例

分析绿色企业的内涵及特点，分别按环境、资源、能源、清洁生产、经济性五大类分析评价，建立多因子绿色程度模糊综合评价模式。实例证明用此模式评价绿色企业结果直观明了，可靠性和实用性较好。