Spatiotemporal Variability in Water Sources Controls Chemical and Physical Properties of a Semi‐arid Urban River System

We conducted synoptic surveys over three seasons in one year to evaluate the variability in water sources and geochemistry of an urban river with complex water infrastructure in the state of Utah. Using stable isotopes of river water (δ¹⁸O and δ²H) within a Bayesian mixing model framework and a separate hydrologic mass balance approach, we quantified both the proportional inputs and magnitude of discharge associated with “natural” (lake, groundwater, and tributary inputs) and “engineered” (effluent and canal inflows) sources. The relative importance of these major contributors to streamflow varied both spatially and seasonally. Spatiotemporal patterns of dissolved oxygen, temperature, pH, calcium, chloride, nitrate, and orthophosphate indicated seasonal shifts in dominant sources of river water played an important role in determining water quality. We show although urban rivers are clearly influenced by novel water sources created by water infrastructure, they continue to reflect the imprint of “natural” water sources, including diffuse groundwater. Resource managers thus may need to account for the quantity of both surface waters and also historically overlooked groundwater inputs to address water quality concerns in urban rivers.     

提高电除尘器过滤效率的软稳电除尘技术及其应用

主要介绍了在国家外排粉尘浓度标准日益严格，普通电除尘器很难达标的背景下，提高电除尘器过滤效率的一种新技术软稳电除尘技术的原理和应用。     

Unintended Cultivation,Shifting Baselines,and Conflict between Objectives for Fisheries and Conservation

The effects of fisheries on marine ecosystems, and their capacity to drive shifts in ecosystem states, have been widely documented. Less well appreciated is that some commercially valuable species respond positively to fishing‐induced ecosystem change and can become important fisheries resources in modified ecosystems. Thus, the ecological effects of one fishery can unintentionally increase the abundance and productivity of other fished species (i.e., cultivate). We reviewed examples of this effect in the peer‐reviewed literature. We found 2 underlying ecosystem drivers of the effect: trophic release of prey species when predators are overfished and habitat change. Key ecological, social, and economic conditions required for one fishery to unintentionally cultivate another include strong top–down control of prey by predators, the value of the new fishery, and the capacity of fishers to adapt to a new fishery. These unintended cultivation effects imply strong trade‐offs between short‐term fishery success and conservation efforts to restore ecosystems toward baseline conditions because goals for fisheries and conservation may be incompatible. Conflicts are likely to be exacerbated if fisheries baselines shift relative to conservation baselines and there is investment in the new fishery. However, in the long‐term, restoration toward ecosystem baselines may often benefit both fishery and conservation goals. Unintended cultivation can be identified and predicted using a combination of time‐series data, dietary studies, models of food webs, and socioeconomic data. Identifying unintended cultivation is necessary for management to set compatible goals for fisheries and conservation. Cultivo Accidental, Líneas de Base Cambiantes y el Conflicto entre los Objetivos para las Pesquerías y la Conservación     

An energetic perspective on the relationship between disturbance and ecosystem productivity

Previous ecological models for disturbance from energetic perspectives have focused on destructive pulses by which storages in a system are quickly drained during disturbance events and recovered thereafter. However, considering the wide range of disturbance intensities, frequencies, and durations in nature, disturbance effects on ecosystem energetics would be better understood by diversifying the disturbance effects on specific system configurations or energy pathways. Based on two hypotheses, we built simulation models of the variable disturbance-productivity relationships observed in a freshwater aquatic microcosm study. First, we hypothesized that disturbances will differentially alter the intrinsic rates of energy pathways in a system. Second, we hypothesized that there is a disturbance threshold where response of the intrinsic rates changes abruptly. Simulation results showed variable patterns of gross primary productivity (GPP) during the disturbance and post-disturbance periods under the diverse scenarios of disturbance effects on the intrinsic rates. Simulation results confirmed that the second hypothesis (i.e., disturbance threshold) was essential to achieve a U-shaped or peaked disturbance-productivity relationship. We evaluated the models by comparing them with the results of the microcosm tests, and suggested possible mechanisms of the variable disturbance-productivity relationships by varying parameters related to the disturbance effects on the intrinsic rates and the disturbance thresholds.     

上海宝山区城市土壤铅污染来源的同位素判别

对上海市宝山区月浦公园和蕴川公路菜田采集的土壤柱样,进行了土壤粒度、铅(Pb)含量及其稳定同位素比值的垂向变化分析,以探讨土壤的铅污染特征及其来源.结果表明,菜田和公园土壤柱样中铅含量分别为17.2～34.8 mg.kg-1和17.5～36.5 mg.kg-1,菜田土壤207Pb/206Pb和208Pb/206Pb分别为0.827～0.849和2.082～2.101,公园土壤则为0.839～0.848和2.089～2.099.2个土壤柱样中铅含量及其富集因子(EF)、207Pb/206Pb和208Pb/206Pb比值都随深度增加而减小,菜田和公园表层土壤(表层10 cm)Pb的富集因子基本都大于1.5,指示了菜田和公园土壤表层较高含量的铅系人为活动外源输入所致.对比前人关于上海不同污染源铅稳定同位素比值的研究结果,菜田和公园表层土壤铅同位素特征介于长江河口潮间带沉积物和工业燃煤粉尘之间,且EF>1.5,样品更接近燃煤产物,说明宝山区表层土壤铅污染主要来自工矿企业燃煤所产生的粉尘.     

三峡库区重金属的生物富集、生物放大及其生物因子的影响

三峡水库于2010年10月蓄水到最大水位(175 m),为揭示最大水位蓄水对库区典型水域重金属污染可能存在的影响于2011年7月至2012年8月研究了三峡库区水生生物体内汞(Hg)、镉(Cd)、铅(Pb)的含量水平及其沿着水体食物链可能存在的生物放大现象,并分析水体无脊椎动物、鱼类组织的重金属含量与生物因子(体长、体重、食性、栖息水层、碳源、营养级)之间的关系.结果表明,3种重金属浓度的最大值均未超过我国水产品食用安全标准,Hg浓度比库区蓄水前稍高,Cd和Pb浓度则低于蓄水前的水平.与国外水库相比,三峡库区重金属的浓度整体上偏低.鲤鱼Cd浓度与其体长、体重有显著的相关性,翘嘴鲌和鲇的Hg浓度与体长、体重显著性相关.整体上3种重金属的浓度与食性显著相关,与栖息水层之间的相关性并不显著,底栖生活鱼类的重金属浓度高于中上层鱼类.3种重金属的浓度与δ~(15)N值的回归分析结果显示,Hg浓度与δ~(15)N值之间表现出显著的相关性,但生物放大效率低于美国及加拿大等地水库的水平,这与三峡库区土壤中较低的有机碳含量有关.     

泉州湾洛阳江河口潮间带柱状沉积物铅同位素组成的变化与来源

不同源区铅同位素的组成不同,可以利用铅同位素的这种“指纹”特征来示踪铅的不同来源.泉州湾洛阳江河口潮间带柱状沉积物中,从底层到表层其铅同位素组成呈现出一定的变化规律,其中207 pb/204Pb呈上升趋势,206 Pb/2077 Pb和208 Pb/(2066pb+207 Pb)呈下降趋势.铅污染的来源主要与工业生产、污水排放和燃油尾气排放有关,受燃煤的影响很少,从底层到表层铅同位素组成的演化趋势为:由工业及污水排放逐渐向汽车尾气方向飘移结合定年分析,推断出油铅的污染起源于20世纪80年代中期,其污染呈不断加重趋势;其中表层沉积物中铅的污染受汽车尾气排放的影响最为严重.对不同时期沉积物中铅污染的来源及其相对贡献率研究表明,1973年到1984年间,沉积物受燃油铅的影响较少,其污染来源主要以工业污染为主,其贡献率占70％以上;1984到1994年间汽车尾气铅的贡献率迅速上升,占到了50％;而1996年到2008年汽车尾气铅的贡献率逐渐增加,由50％上升到了66％.     

长江中下游地区丰水期河、湖水氢氧同位素组成特征

稳定同位素技术在示踪水体的来源、演化及不同水体间相互转化关系、污染源已被广泛地应用.基于2018年7月对长江中下游地区长江干流河水和湖水同位素样品收集,本文分析了长江中下游地区丰水期河水和湖水中δ~(18)O和δ~2H组成特征,在此基础上进一步揭示了其空间上演化特征及其影响因素.结果表明长江干流δ~(18)O和δ~2H值自三峡库区向下游地区呈逐渐增大的变化趋势,这与降水同位素变化密切相关.在三峡库区段与宜昌-城陵矶段河水δ~(18)O和δ~2H值无显著差异,而河水d-excess值波动范围较小.在洞庭湖-江汉和华阳-鄱阳湖湖泊群中湖水δ~(18)O和δ~2H值要贫于太湖-三角洲湖泊群,且太湖-三角洲湖泊群湖水中d-excess值为负值,这主要是太湖-三角洲地区受同位素较为富集的降水和强烈的蒸发作用的影响.在淀山湖和大通湖同位素值最大,洞庭湖和鄱阳湖同位素值偏小,这主要是由于长江与鄱阳湖、洞庭湖直接相通,两湖的水情直接受制于长江影响,水位较高,鄱阳湖和洞庭湖同位素组成受长江水补给影响明显.因此,开展长江中下游河湖水同位素的调查研究,这将对充分认识于了解长江中下游地区大气降水-河水-湖水的相互联系与探讨其水资源合理利用和管理提供科学依据.     

南小河沟流域地表水和地下水的稳定同位素和水化学特征及其指示意义

南小河沟流域为典型的黄土高原沟壑区,本文分析了该流域地表水和地下水的氢氧稳定同位素和水化学特征,揭示了地表水与地下水之间的相互关系.结果表明,大气降水的δD和δ~(18)O值呈现春夏高,秋冬低的季节变化特征.水库水的δD和δ~(18)O值的季节性变化规律呈现夏秋高、冬春低的特征.地下水的δD和δ~(18)O值季节性变化规律相对不显著.流域内地表水和地下水水化学类型主要为Na·Mg-HCO_3型.地表水和地下水电导率的季节性变化规律均呈现冬季高、夏季低的特点.当地大气降水和深层地下水可能是南小河沟流域内地表水(水库水、沟道水)和泉水的主要补给来源.流域内的常流泉可能主要由深层地下水补给,而季节泉,例如,董庄沟和杨家沟的源头泉则可能是由深层地下水和当地大气降水共同补给.     

基于稳定同位素与多元素的土壤铅污染源解析

以杭州市富阳区典型工矿企业附近农田为研究对象,基于单因子指数法及内梅罗指数法对土壤重金属污染状况进行了评价,并采用稳定同位素与多元素特征指纹结合多元统计定量解析研究区内农田土壤重金属铅污染的来源,建立基于铅稳定同位素与多元素特征指纹结合主成分-聚类分析的农田土壤铅污染源解析技术.结果表明：研究区域内电镀厂和冼矿场附近的农田土壤受重金属污染很严重,两个地区的铅污染均达到重度污染水平.根据不同污染源及土壤的铅同位素比值（²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁶Pb、²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁶Pb）,利用源解析软件Isosource分析不同潜在污染源对土壤铅污染的贡献率,结果显示电镀废弃物、废水对电镀厂附近农田土壤铅污染的累计贡献率达70.5%,冼矿场堆放的矿石、尾矿对附近农田土壤铅污染的累计贡献率达71.7%.为了进一步解析土壤铅污染来源,对电镀厂和冼矿场污染源样品中28种多元素含量进行主成分-聚类分析,结果显示不同来源样品的多元素组成差别较大,电镀厂附近农田土壤的多元素组成与电镀废弃物和废水相似度最高,冼矿场附近农田土壤的多元素组成与矿石和尾矿相似度最高.因此,基于铅稳定同位素比值与多元素特征指纹结合主成分-聚类分析得出电镀厂排放的固废、废水和冼矿场堆放的矿石、尾矿是造成附近土壤铅污染的主要原因,也证明基于铅稳定同位素与多元素特征进行铅污染源解析具有较高的准确度和可靠性.