The origin of stable halogenated compounds in volcanic gases

BACKGROUND: Halogenated compounds in the atmosphere are of great environmental concern due to their demonstrated negative effect on atmospheric chemistry and climate. Detailed knowledge of the emission budgets of halogenated compounds has to be gained to understand better their specific impact on ozone chemistry and the climate. Such data are also highly relevant to guide policy decisions in connexion with international agreements about protection of the ozone layer. In selected cases, the relevance of specific emission sources for certain compounds were unclear. In this study we present new and comprehensive evidence regarding the existence and relevance of a volcanic contribution of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), halons (bromine containing halo(hydro)carbons), and fully fluorinated compounds (e.g. CF4 and SF6) to the atmospheric budget. METHODS: In order to obtain new evidence of a volcanic origin of these compounds, we collected repeatedly, during four field campaigns covering a period of two years, gases from fumaroles discharging over a wide range of temperatures at the Nicaraguan subduction zone volcanoes Momotombo, Cerro Negro and Mombacho, and analysed them with very sensitive GC/MS systems. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: In most fumarolic samples certain CFCs, HFCs, HCFCs, halons, and the fully fluorinated compounds CF4 and SF6 were present above detection limits. However, these compounds occur in the fumarole gases in relative proportions characteristic for ambient air. CONCLUSION: This atmospheric fingerprint can be explained by variable amounts of air entering the porous volcanic edifices and successively being incorporated into the fumarolic gas discharges. Recommendation and Outlook. Our results suggest that the investigated volcanoes do not constitute a significant natural source for CFCs, HFCs, HCFCs, halons, CF4, SF6 and NF3.     

贡嘎山亚高山降水稳定同位素特征及水汽来源研究

为揭示青藏高原东南缘贡嘎山地区的大气降水稳定同位素特征和水汽来源,利用贡嘎山东坡亚高山地区2012年5月至10月实测的大气降水稳定氢氧同位素和气象资料,分析了贡嘎山地区的降水线特征、降水稳定氢氧同位素时空分异特征及其与气候因子之间的关系和氘盈余特征,并运用HYSPLIT模型探讨了该区的水汽来源特点。结果表明:贡嘎山亚高山地区大气降水线方程为δD=9.401 9×δ¹⁸O+28.530 3(‰)(R²=0.983 3,p < 0.001),反映了该区湿润、多雨、气温较低的气候特点;该区大气降水稳定氢氧同位素季节变化明显,雨季先降低后升高;降水中氢氧同位素的高程效应显著且存在季节差异;降水稳定氢氧同位素受温度、降水气象因子影响较大,降水量效应显著并且与温度存在负相关关系;后向轨迹模型模拟结合同位素特征分析表明该地区雨季水汽来源较为复杂,主要有西风输送、东部季风和局地水汽内循环3个来源。研究结果可为区域水汽循环和降水特征提供科学依据。     

氯/溴稳定同位素分析技术及其在环境科学研究中的应用

稳定同位素分析被认为是环境污染物溯源和转化途径探究的有效工具.针对氯/溴稳定同位素研究已经开发了一些较为可靠的分析技术,被广泛应用于氯乙烯、氯苯、溴酚、多溴二苯醚和有机氯农药等有机污染物的研究.本文综述了近年来氯/溴同位素分析技术的最新进展,介绍了稳定同位素分析技术在含氯/溴有机污染物的溯源分析和降解途径识别等方面的应...     

珊瑚礁生态系统中的汞循环研究进展

珊瑚礁生态系统具有丰富的生物多样性、极高的初级生产力、快速的物质循环等特点，被称为"海洋中的热带雨林"，在维系全球生态环境方面发挥重要作用。由于绝大部分珊瑚礁位于近海，有害金属元素如汞能够通过各种渠道进入珊瑚礁生长水域，在珊瑚礁生物中富集并经过食物链放大，对珊瑚礁生态系统造成潜在危害。本文简单介绍了珊瑚礁系统的基本概念、组成和生态功能，并汇总了目前报道的珊瑚礁生态系统中海水、沉积物、食物网、珊瑚中的汞的含量与形态。总体上，珊瑚礁生态系统中的汞研究极其有限，目前对该重要系统中的汞循环并不清楚。未来可结合稳定汞同位素方法对珊瑚礁生态系统汞的来源、迁移与转化进行示踪，认清珊瑚礁的汞汇通量，发展珊瑚骨骼对生长水域汞污染的监测技术和理论。     

改进沉淀法在溶解性无机碳稳定同位素测定中的应用研究

水体中溶解性无机碳(Dissolved inorganic carbon,DIC)的稳定碳同位素比值(δ¹³C_DIC)是揭示碳循环过程的重要技术指标。DIC的分离和富集是测定δ¹³C_DIC的基础,也是影响δ¹³C_DIC测定准确度的主要过程之一。沉淀法和气体法均为常用的DIC分离和富集方法。相比于气体法,沉淀法操作流程简单,适用性较强,在δ¹³C_DIC测定过程中具有广阔的应用前景。然而,基于沉淀法的DIC分离和富集过程中常存在碳稳定同位素分馏问题。为此,本研究在综合气体法和沉淀法优缺点的基础上,以超声时间,水浴温度和氮气吹扫速率为自变量,以δ¹³C_DIC的理论值与实测值之间绝对误差的最小化为目标,采用响应面法对传统NaOH-BaCl₂沉淀法进行了改进。基于改进沉淀法测定的δ¹³C_DIC理论值与实测值之间的绝对误差,以及两处城市河流水体平行样品δ¹³C_DIC的标准偏差分别为0.052‰、0.061‰和0.037‰。上述结果表明了该方法在δ¹³C_DIC测定中的有效性和实用性。