Semi-closed synthesis of nitrogen and oxygen Co-doped mesoporous carbon for selective aqueous oxidation

Heteroatom-doped meso/micro-porous carbon materials are conventionally produced by harsh carbonization under an inert atmosphere involving specific precursors, hard/soft templates, and heteroatom-containing agents. Herein, we report a facile synthesis of N and O co-doped meso/micro-porous carbon (NOMC) by template-free carbonization of a small-molecule precursor in a semi-closed system. The semi-closed carbonizaiton process yields hydrophilic NOMCs with large surface area in a high yield. The porous structure as well as the elemental composition of NOMCs can be modulated by changing the holding time at a particular temperature. NOMCs as metal-free heterogeneous catalysts can selectively oxidize benzyl alcohol and its derivatives into aldehydes/ketones with>85％conversion in aqueous solution, which is much higher than that of the control sample obtained in tube furnace (21％conversion), mainly due to their high N content, high percentage of pyridinic N, and large surface area. The presence of O-containing moieties also helps to improve the hydrophilicity and dispersion ability of catalysts and thus facilitates the mass transfer process during aqueous oxidation. The NOMC catalysts also dispayed excellent activity for a wide range of substrates with a selectivity of>99％.     

崇明东滩大型底栖动物食源的稳定同位素示踪

利用稳定同位素示踪技术,对崇明东滩盐沼湿地夏季不同生境大型底栖动物的食物来源和营养结构进行了初步研究。结果显示,表层沉积有机质稳定碳、氮同位素组成分别在-21.3‰~-24.2‰、4.6‰~5.6‰,不同生境下存在一定差异。植物体各组织的同位素值存在差异,在判别食物来源时需要注意,不能简单地以植物叶片值来代替整个植株。大型底栖动物的δ¹³C值为-14.7‰~-23.6‰,表现出食物来源的差异。总体上说,湿地优势植物的活植物体不是大型底栖动物的主要食物来源,沉积有机质是大部分底栖消费者的食物基础。底栖动物的氮同位素能较好地反映其食性和营养级,计算出崇明东滩大型底栖动物营养级在2.0~3.7,为一级消费者和二级消费者。     

南京市内河道沉积物中重金属元素形态及Pb稳定同位素组成

采集南京市居住和商业区内的河道沉积物,研究重金属元素的形态分布及Pb稳定同位素组成,探讨城市河道沉积物中重金属的迁移潜力和推断污染特征. 沉积物中重金属改良的BCR三步顺序提取研究表明,沉积物中Cd和Zn主要分布于酸溶态;Pb和Cu主要分布于可氧化态;Ni和Cr主要分布于残渣态. Cd和Zn的环境效应最值得关注,而Ni和Cr环境影响最小. 沉积物中m(208Pb)/m(206Pb)和m(206Pb)/m(207Pb)分别为2.102 4～2.123 9和1.159 3～1.184 5. 居住和商业区内的河道沉积物Pb稳定同位素组成相近,具有相似污染源. 居住和商业区内沉积物的Pb稳定同位素比率与文献中南京大气、城市土壤Pb稳定比率相似,因而河道沉积物重金属富集与城市重金属污染密切相关.      

Spatio-temporal dissolved oxygen dynamics in the Orbetello lagoon by fuzzy pattern recognition

This paper models the dissolved oxygen (DO) dynamics in the Orbetello lagoon as a function of the physico-chemical and ecological system variables, including the submerged vegetation, nutrients, and hydrodynamics. It should be viewed as the concluding sequel to a previous paper describing the dynamics of the lagoon ecosystem [Giusti, E., Marsili-Libelli, S., 2006. An integrated model for the Orbetello lagoon ecosystem, Ecol. Model. 196, 379–394] by introducing the missing DO dynamics. The model considers the oxygen demand originating from the decay of carbonaceous and nitrogenous compounds, as well as photosynthesis and natural reaeration by winds and currents as the oxygen producing processes. With a fixed-parameter set the model could accurately reproduce each single circadian DO cycle, but in the long run it failed to extend this fit and could not accommodate the large DO fluctuations induced by the seasonal variability. In order to enhance the model flexibility, a fuzzy pattern recognition algorithm was designed to classify the circadian DO patterns into four typical behaviours, related to the season, and estimate the corresponding parameters, with the overall model output being a fuzzy combination of these sets. The paper discusses several methods to patch the parameter sets and compares their performance in tracking long-term DO variations. A final assessment of the model validity is obtained by incorporating the whole DO dynamics (model, fuzzy pattern recognition and parameter combination) into the general lagoon model and producing a consistently correct series of DO daily distributions over a yearly cycle. Thus the paper contains both a practical and a methodological aspect. The practical one is the linking of all the lagoon dynamics to the dissolved oxygen kinetics in order to clarify to what extent macroalgae and macrophytes influence the oxygen balance. The methodological aspect consists of extending the validity of short-term models to long time-horizons through a patching technique supported by fuzzy pattern recognition.     

ISOTOPIC EVALUATION OF Pb OCCURRENCES IN THE RIVERINE ECOSYSTEMS OF THE KANKAKEE WATERSHED,ILLINOIS‐INDIANA1

ABSTRACT: Environmental background levels of Pb were measured in ponds, river waters, sediments, suspended sediments, rocks, and air particulates within the Kankakee watershed during the period of 1995 to 1999. Stable isotopic Pb distinguished airborne Pb and its incorporation into riverine wetland sediments from geogenic Pb measured in river sediments. The provenance of the naturally‐occurring Pb is from carbonate bedrock and contributes comparable concentrations in riverbank sediments (25.9–30.4 mg kg^?1) as Pb found in wetland sediments (18.6–24.8 mg kg^?1). Estimates of anthropogenic Pb contributions from airfall into the Kankakee wetlands were found to be near 0.43–0.71 Bq cm^?2 yr^?1 during 1995 to 1999. While leachable Pb data suggests the uppermost layers of pond sediments were disturbed, ²¹⁰Pb analyses from undisturbed sedimentation suggests Pb‐bearing sediments accumulate approximately 0.46–0.51 cm yr^?1 in the ponds within the riparian zones. Transboundary Pb pollution from aerosols of industrial Pb across the Great Lakes occurs, but Pb isotopy indicates that the Pb concentrations are comparable to natural concentrations of Pb in both waters and sediments within the Kankakee watershed.     

氧和氮等离子体改性细旦涤纶的清洁工艺比较

该文对氧、氮低温等离子体改性细旦涤纶进行了研究,分别探讨了氧、氮等离子体放电参数对提高细旦涤纶上染率的影响,得出了2种工艺的最佳放电参数。实验结果表明:经氧、氮等离子体改性后,细旦涤纶的上染率分别提高了17%和5%,说明氧等离子体改性可显著减少印染废水中的污染物排放量,有利于环境治理,氮等离子体改性效果次之。      

皂素工业废水CODCr排放限值的研究

皂素工业是近几年来迅速发展的一个重要生物医药化工行业,我国皂素主产区位于南水北调中线工程水源汉江上游,其排放的大量高浓度含酸有机废水给水源保护带来严重威胁,急需制定我国的皂素工业水污染物排放标准.采用三段式两相厌氧为核心的二级生化组合工艺技术从实验室试验、现场工业性试验和示范工程三方面对皂素工业废水COD_Cr排放限值进行了研究,皂素废水二级生化处理出水中残留COD_Cr总量(以质量浓度计)约为400～500 mg/L,其中溶解性微生物代谢产物(SMP)质量浓度约为240～280 mg/L.综合考虑技术可达性和经济可行性,将现有企业COD_Cr排放限值规定为400 mg/L;为引导企业对废液综合利用,推进皂素行业清洁生产,规定新建企业和现有企业的第二时段的限值为300 mg/L.提出了丹江库区相应的COD_Cr总量指标及皂素规模限额.执行该标准后,全国每年可削减COD_Cr 71　400 t,其中南水北调中线工程水源汉江上游至少可削减60　690 t,可以满足中线调水水源区的环境保护要求.      

卧龙巴郎山高山灌丛降雨和穿透水稳定性氢氧同位素特征研究

论文对巴郎山区夏季降雨和不同海拔样地穿透水的H、O同位素特征进行了研究。由于8月底9月初冷气团的到来较大地改变了降雨的同位素特征,该地区夏季大气降水线为δD=9.93δ^{18,/sup>O+26.07,偏离全球降水线(GMWL)较多。降雨的温度效应和雨量效应表现出相互交叉的现象,表明该地区温度和雨量是交替起主导作用而引起降雨同位素组成变化的。H的同位素效应比O明显,其原因是H同位素分馏比O剧烈,从而对环境因子的响应比O灵敏,因此H同位素在森林水文研究中比O更有用。H同位素值在不同样地穿透水间存在差异,这是由它们不同的植被结构及周边微环境因子引起的水分蒸发状况和对雾水截获能力差异导致的。穿透水和降雨同位素值间存在较强线性关系。穿透水的同位素值不一定大于降雨,表明影响穿透水同位素值的因素不仅仅是水分蒸发和植被对雾水的截获,而应是多种因素的综合效应,对这些因素的全面了解将对同位素技术在森林水文研究中的进一步应用有重要意义。}     

有机碳源和溶解氧对亚硝酸盐生物硝化的影响研究

从城市污水处理厂的活性污泥中纯化分离到高活性硝化菌株N-20（Nitrobacter sp．）,在一种新型材料Carbon Foam的表面挂膜;通过对菌株N-20进行摇瓶试验,选择添加有机碳源的种类,将其在pH7．5～8．0、温度28℃的条件下,分别以NaNO2和K2HPO4为氮源和磷源,通过生物滤塔中的液相连续试验,考察在不同DO的条件下有机碳源对硝化作用的影响规律。结果表明,以葡萄糖作为有机碳源,DO≥2mg／L,葡萄糖低于20mg／L时,生物滤塔内可进行正常硝化,NO2^--N的硝化去除率维持在90％左右,随着葡萄糖浓度的增加,硝化去除率下降到70％;DO≤2mg／L,葡萄糖对硝化作用的抑制增强,当葡萄糖为200mg／L时,生物滤塔中NO^2-—N的硝化去除率仅为32％。     

硬木地板材料和棉花秆的变氧浓度热解燃烧表观动力学的实验研究

本文采用TG-FTIR分析方法深入研究了火场中硬木地板材料和棉花秆变氧浓度燃烧过程,深入分析了氧浓度对纤维物质燃烧表观热失重影响;通过大量的动力学参数计算得出了可燃物的表观活化能与实际氧浓度成线性关系;分析了氧浓度对木材燃烧气体产物的影响,并探索了氧浓度影响热解和燃烧的机理。