Seasonal variation in dissolved gaseous mercury and total mercury concentrations in Juam Reservoir, Korea

Dissolved gaseous mercury (DGM) and total mercury (TM) concentrations were measured in Juam Reservoir, Korea. DGM concentrations were higher in spring (64+/-13pgL(-1)) and summer (109+/-15pgL(-1)), and lower in fall (20+/-2pgL(-1)) and winter (23+/-6pgL(-1)). In contrast, TM concentrations were higher in fall (3.2+/-0.1ngL(-1)) and winter (3.3+/-0.1ngL(-1)) than in spring (2.3+/-0.1ngL(-1)) and summer (2.2+/-0.4ngL(-1)). DGM concentrations were correlated with water temperature (p<0.0001), ORP (p<0.0001), UV intensity (UV-A: p=0.008; UV-B: p=0.003), and DOC concentration (p=0.0107). DGM concentrations varied diurnally with UV intensity. The average summer DGM (109+/-15pgL(-1)) and TM (2.2+/-0.4ngL(-1)) concentrations in Juam Reservoir were higher than the averages for North American lakes (DGM=38+/-16pgL(-1); TM=1.0+/-1.2ngL(-1)), but lower than levels reported for Baihua Reservoir in China.     

Diffusion pollution from livestock and poultry rearing in the Yangtze Delta,China

BACKGROUND: The Yangtze Delta is one of the most developed regions in China and includes Shanghai, eight cities in Jiangsu province and eight cities in Zhejiang province. Meat consumption in this region has increased with economic growth, and most of the consumed meat is produced locally. The water quality of surface waters has deteriorated in recent years. An example was the huge blue-green algae bloom in Tai Lake in late May 2007, which affected millions of people's daily drinking water. However, animal husbandry is considered to be one of the main pollution sources. METHODS: Pollutants (NH3-N, total phosphorus (TP), and total nitrogen (TN)) excreted by livestock and poultry, and the resultant COD (chemical oxygen demand) and BOD (biochemical oxygen demand), were estimated using two different methods based on different data sets. RESULTS: The number of livestock and poultry has remained stable in the Yangtze Delta over the four years from 1999 to 2002, with the average number of pigs, cattle, sheep and poultry being 21.1 M, 0.4 M, 7.7 M and 597.6 M, respectively. Pollutants in livestock and poultry excreta estimated by Method I were: 0.12 Mt NH3-N, 0.11 Mt TP and 0.29 Mt TN, resulting in COD and BOD of 1.34 Mt and 1.30 Mt, respectively, while the estimations based on Method II were: 0.18 Mt NH3-N, 0.15 Mt TP and 0.40 Mt TN, resulting in COD and BOD of 1.95 Mt and 1.80 Mt, respectively. DISCUSSION: Pollutants excreted annually by livestock and poultry in the Yangtze Delta are estimated to be: 0.17 Mt NH3-N, 0.16 Mt TP and 0.42 Mt TN, giving rise to a COD of 1.86 Mt and a BOD of 1.72 Mt. Approximately 25% of this pollution was estimated to enter water bodies, which means that the annual pollutant load is 43,700 t NH3-N, 39,400 tTP, 104,600t TN with a COD of 465,000 tand a BOD of 430,100 t. Pollutants from animal husbandry were similar in magnitude to those from industrial wastewater. Pigs produced the most pollution, followed by poultry, cattle and sheep. The pollution load from animal husbandry in the Yangtze Delta is about twice the average level of the whole of China. CONCLUSIONS: Domestic wastewater was the main pollution source in the Yangtze Delta, followed by pollution from raising livestock and poultry and from industrial wastewater. The pollution load in Shanghai and Jiaxing were the greatest, followed by 7 cities of Jiangsu province (except Suzhou) and other cities of Zhejiang province and Suzhou. Pigs and poultry produced about 90% of the total pollutants from animal husbandry. RECOMMENDATIONS AND PERSPECTIVES: The local governments, especially in Shanghai and Jiaxing, should focus their attention on the pollution produced by livestock and poulrry. Controlling pollution from pigs and poultry will have the greatest impact in this region. Control of pollution will be facilitated by the development of large-scale livestock and poultry farming units and a shift away from small scale husbandry.     

外源亚精胺对盐胁迫下黄瓜根系多胺含量和抗氧化系统的影响

采用营养液栽培,研究了外源亚精胺(Spd)对盐胁迫下抗盐能力不同的2个黄瓜品种"长春密刺"和"津春2号"幼苗根系生长以及根系中多胺(PAs)含量和抗氧化系统的影响.结果表明,外源Spd提高了盐胁迫下黄瓜根系游离态Spd和精胺(Spm)、酸可溶性结合态和酸不溶性结合态腐胺(Put)、Spd和Spm含量,降低了游离态Put含量;同时提高了超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性,降低了超氧阴离子(O2(-/.))产生速率、过氧化氢(H2O2)和丙二醛(MDA)含量及电解质渗透率,明显促进了幼苗根系生长;根系中酸不溶性结合态Spd含量与抗氧化酶活性间呈正相关性.表明黄瓜幼苗根系中较高的游离态Spd和Spm、酸可溶性结合态和酸不溶性结合态PAs尤其是酸不溶性结合态Spd含量有利于提高植株抗氧化酶活性,降低O2(-/.)产生速率和膜脂伤害,增强植株抗盐性.     

稳定同位素混合模型揭示的长江下游新石器时代人群摄食策略

长江下游地区是稻作农业的主要起源地之一。然而,水稻对长江下游新石器时代人群饮食的贡献程度仍不清晰。稳定同位素混合模型能够量化揭示长江下游地区史前人群的摄食策略。系统收集长江下游地区已发表的人骨、动物骨和植物稳定碳氮同位素数据,基于稳定同位素混合模型,对长江下游地区新石器时代人群的摄食策略进行研究。结果发现：距今7.0—5.3 ka长江下游地区人群可能摄食多种动植物资源,该时期水稻对人类饮食的贡献与其他植物资源基本相当。距今5.3—4.3 ka,水稻已超过其他动植物资源,成为美人地遗址人群的主要食物资源。研究揭示了长江下游新石器时代文明化进程与稻作农业发展具有同步性,狩猎采集经济则为该区域文明化进程起到基础支撑作用。     

印染废水污染物在曝气生物滤池中的沿程去除规律

主要研究了曝气生物滤池（BAF）对印染废水中污染物的沿程去除规律。研究表明：BAF对印染废水污染物的去除沿高程有着不同的变化规律：在BAF总高度为300 cm,填料层高度为200 cm,气水比3∶1,停留时间11.8 h,的情况下, BAF对COD的去除主要集中在<160 cm的填料层部分,在总的去除率为63.1%时,此区域去除率可达56.60%;对NH3N的去除主要集中在填料层100～160 cm段,在总NH₃-N去除率为85.09%时,此区域NH₃-N去除率达38.28%。BAF对浊度的去除主要集中在填料层小于100 cm的部分,在总去除率为94.04%,区域去除率达到61.90%。印染废水经过BAF的前100 cm填料层后,pH值由10降至7.6后基本维持不变。     

Ti/BDD/PbO_2复合电极在化学需氧量测定中的应用

以钛基掺硼金刚石为基体,采用电沉积的方法制备了Ti/BDD/PbO2复合电极,并将其用于化学需氧量（COD）的测定。采用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）和X射线衍射谱图（XRD）表征了电极的微观形貌及结构,采用电化学工作站考察了电极对有机物响应特性。实验结果表明,在1.45 V的低电位条件下,线性范围为0.5～175 mg/L,检测限为0.3 mg/L（S/N=3）。采用Ti/BDD/PbO2复合电极测定法和重铬酸钾标准方法对市政污水、食品废水及印染废水的对比结果表明,2种方法的相对误差小于10%,具有良好的一致性。     

某种同位素发生器用于示踪测井项目的辐射水平调查与评价研究

将某种同位素发生器用于示踪测井的贮存、运输、淋洗及现场测井各阶段,通过开展不同阶段放射性水平调查,对调查结果进行剂量估算与现状评价,掌握113Sn-113mIn同位素发生器用于示踪测井过程对环境及人员造成的辐射危害.     

生物絮凝剂MBFGA1预处理乳制品加工废水

用生物絮凝剂MBFGA1预处理乳制品加工废水（简称废水）。实验结果表明,废水处理的水力条件为：以150r／min的转速搅拌30S,再以30r／min的转速搅拌20min;MBFGA1的最佳加入量为15mg／L;废水pH为4．0时,MBFGA1对废水的絮凝处理效果最好;废水温度对浊度、COD去除率有一定的影响,在20～45℃时,废水浊度的去除率始终保持在85％以上;30℃时,COD去除率达到最大值65．0％。     

同位素示踪技术在沉积物重金属污染溯源中的应用

沉积物重金属污染及其防治愈来愈受重视,查明污染源是有效治理污染的前提。文章概述了近年来国内外铅、锶等同位素、放射性核素示踪技术在沉积物重金属污染溯源研究中的应用,针对以往研究工作的不足和存在的问题,指出了今后沉积物中重金属污染源解析研究中的重点:采用Pb、Sr、Zn等同位素示踪法,结合多元统计及其它元素地球化学信息追踪重金属污染源和评价污染程度。     

贵阳地区雨水化学与Sr同位素地球化学

对贵阳地区22个雨水样品的化学组成和Sr同位素的研究表明,贵阳地区大部分雨水样品的pH值小于56(pH=453).雨水中Ca2 是最主要的阳离子,平均值为57μmol·l-1(12—164μmol·l-1),占阳离子组成的64%—87%;Mg2 是次要的阳离子,平均值为13μmol·l-1(5—47μmol·l-1),Ca2 和Mg2 之和占了阳离子组成的78%—96%;K 平均值为11μmol·l-1(2—44μmol·l-1);Na 最少,其平均值为4μmol·l-1(1—8μmol·l-1).SO2-4是最主要的阴离子,平均值为94μmol·l-1(34—279μmol·l-1),占阴离子组成的28%—94%;NO-3是次要的阴离子,平均值为48μmol·l-1(1—252μmol·l-1),SO2-4和NO-3是决定雨水酸度最主要的离子,SO2-4和NO-3之和占阴离子组成的77%—99%;Cl-最少,平均值为20μmol·l-1(1—128μmol·l-1).贵阳地区雨水中Sr的浓度为002—033μmol·l-1,87Sr/86Sr比值较小(0707934—0709080),非海盐来源的87Sr/86Sr比值为0707820—0709078.元素比值及Sr同位素组成辨识出贵阳地区雨水溶质主要来源于人为活动,岩石/土壤化学风化次之,海相输入很小或可以忽略不计.