基于DO控制实现SBR短程硝化过程

采用序批式反应器(SBR)处理模拟氨氮废水,研究了固定供氧模式下氨氮降解过程和溶解氧变化规律,并对DO控制实现短程硝化机理进行了探讨.实验结果表明,当DO＜1 mg/L时,体系产生亚硝酸盐积累,当亚硝化反应结束后,DO出现跃升现象,并且pH值对短程硝化有一定影响,充足的碱度和较高的pH值有利于建立以DO为控制参数实现短程硝化过程控制.短程硝化启动后,亚硝酸盐积累率达90％以上,并且经过度曝气5d后,系统仍保持稳定运行.     

PTFE/C三相电极氧阴极还原法生产过氧化氢

设计了隔膜体系电解槽,制作了聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)/碳黑三相气体扩散电极,系统研究了隔膜、电流密度、电极间距、初始溶液酸度、电解质、空气量和时间等因素对过氧化氢累积产生浓度和电流效率的影响。结果表明,在有隔膜体系,电流密度为70 m A/cm2,电极间距为1 cm,初始p H=0.5,电解质为0.10 mol/L Na2SO4溶液,空气量为40 m L/min的条件下,电解时间1 h时过氧化氢累积浓度最高可至20 096.05 mg/L,此时对应的电流效率为63.37%。在确定的最佳条件下,进行电解液循环实验,1 h时电流效率升高到98.4%,12 h之后,过氧化氢累积浓度为46 042.43 mg/L。实验原位产生的高浓度酸性过氧化氢溶液可以直接应用于Fenton试剂。     

基于央地分权视角的环境规制策略演化博弈分析

当前,我国环境的根本问题是由粗放式的经济发展模式所引起的,而这一发展模式的根源在于"中国式央地分权"下的政府行为。这种具有中国特色的分权模式的独特之处在于中央政府对地方经济放权的同时,仍然保持政治上的集权控制,上级政府根据绩效考核提拔地方官员,即"经济分权、政治集权"特性。中国式分权下,我国的环境治理体制依据行政区域的划分来设置管理权限,按照政府层级的构成进行垂直式领导,即中央政府统一制定环境政策,地方政府负责各辖区内环境政策的执行。在全国范围内,央地两级政府的关系表现为动态的重复博弈。针对我国现行环境规制执行策略,借助演化经济学研究工具,基于央地分权的视角,将地方政府与中央政府两大主体同时纳入分析框架。根据复制动态方程探讨参与主体的行为演化特征和行为演化稳定策略,在模型求解的基础上,利用MATLAB仿真工具,分析不同情形下参与主体演化稳定策略的走向及其收敛趋势。研究发现,央地两级政府在环境规制策略执行过程中的动态演化,很大程度上取决于地方政府环境规制执行力度、成本、收益和损失以及中央政府监管力度、成本和处罚力度等因素的大小。因此,针对地方政府环境策略激励设计,应重点改革政绩考核机制,引入市场机制,并通过环保补贴、财政转移支付等手段降低地方政府环境规制执行成本;中央政府应通过调节政绩考核体系中的经济发展指标和环境指标的权重系数来加强对地方政府环境规制执行情况的监管力度,建立第三方监管机制以降低中央政府监管成本,制定合理的奖惩机制以提高监管效率;以期推动我国环境规制策略的高效执行,促进环境绩效向经济绩效的良性转换,实现双重帕累托改进。     

Differential physiological,ultramorphological and metabolic responses of cotton cultivars under cadmium stress

Cadmium (Cd) stress may cause serious physiological, ultramorphological and biochemical anomalies in plants. Cd-induced physiological, subcellular and metabolic alterations in two transgenic cotton cultivars (BR001, GK30) and their parent line (Coker 312) were evaluated using 10, 100 and 1000 μM Cd. Germination, fresh biomass of roots, stems and leaves were significantly inhibited at 1000 μM Cd. Root volume tolerance index significantly increased (124.16%) in Coker 312 at 1000 μM Cd. In non-Cd stressed conditions, electron micrographs showed well-configured root meristem and leaf mesophyll cells. At 1000 μM Cd, greater ultramorphological alterations were observed in BR001 followed by GK30 and Coker 312. These changes were observed in nucleus, vacuoles, mitochondria and chloroplast. Dense precipitates, probably Cd, were seen in vacuoles, which were also attached to the cell walls. A considerable increase in number of nuclei, vacuoles, starch granules and plastoglobuli was observed in the electron micrographs of both roots and leaves at 1000 μM Cd. MDA contents were higher in roots of BR001 at 1000 μM Cd. Mean values of SOD activity in leaves of both BR001 and GK30 at 1000 μM Cd significantly increased as compared to the controls. POD activity in roots of BR001 and Coker 312 was greater at all Cd (10, 100, 1000 μM) levels over the control. Regarding APX, highest percent increase (71.64%) in roots of GK30 at 1000 μM Cd was found. Non-significant differences in CAT activity were observed at all levels of Cd stress in leaves of BR001 and GK30. Both transgenic cotton cultivars and their parental line invariably responded towards Cd stress. However, Coker 312 showed Cd-resistant behavior as compared to its progeny lines (BR001 and GK30).     

结晶紫-聚乙烯醇体系分光光度法测定水中溶解氧

在碘量法测定水中溶解氧的基础上,利用I3-与结晶紫在聚乙烯醇存在下结合成电中性的离子缔合物,以碘酸钾为标准溶液,与过量碘化钾反应生成碘,加入结晶紫后在550 nm处有最大吸收的原理测定水中溶解氧,优化了试验条件,考察了共存离子的干扰。方法在0.002 7 mg/L~0.55 mg/L范围内符合比尔定律,检出限为0.001 1 mg/L,蒸馏水平行测定的RSD≤0.2%,加标回收率为100%~101%,实际水样测定与碘量法和溶解氧测定仪结果一致。     

A game model for dominance relations among group-living animals

We present here an attempt to understand behaviors of dominant individuals and of subordinate individuals as behavior strategies in an asymmetric “hawk-dove” game. We assume that contestants have perfect information about relative fighting ability and the value of the resource. Any type of asymmetry, both relevant to and irrelevant to the fighting ability, can be considered. It is concluded that evolutionarily stable strategies (ESSs) depend on the resource value (V), the cost of injury (D), and the probability that the individual in one role will win (x). Different ESSs can exist even when values of V, D, and x are the same. The characteristics of dominance relations detected by observers may result from the ESSs that the individuals are adopting. The model explains some characteristics of dominance relations, for example, the consistent outcome of contests, the rare occurrence of escalated fights, and the discrepancy between resource holding potential (RHP) and dominance relations, from the viewpoint of individual selection. Received: 7 May 1997 / Accepted after revision: 17 October 1997     

Congener-specific accumulation and trophic transfer of polychlorinated biphenyls in spider crab food webs revealed by stable isotope analysis

Polychlorobiphenyls (PCB) and stable isotopes (delta15N and delta13C) were analyzed in the spider crab (Maja brachydactyla) food web from the Iroise Sea (Western Brittany) and the Seine Bay (Eastern English Channel). PCB concentrations were all significantly higher in organisms from the Seine Bay than those from the Iroise Sea. PCB patterns were strongly related to the feeding mode of the species, and increased influence of higher chlorinated congeners was highlighted with trophic position of the organisms. PCB concentrations (lipid normalized) were significantly related to the isotopically derived trophic level (TL) in spider crab food webs. The highest trophic magnification factors (TMFs) were calculated for the congeners with 2,4,5-substitution, and were lower in the Seine Bay compared to the Iroise Sea. The confrontation of PCB and TL data also revealed biotransformation capacity of decapod crustaceans for specific congeners based on structure-activity relations.     

Atmospheric transport of urban-derived NH(x): Evidence from nitrogen concentration and delta(15)N in epilithic mosses at Guiyang, SW China

Nitrogen concentration and δ¹⁵N in 175 epilithic moss samples were investigated along four directions from urban to rural sites in Guiyang, SW China. The spatial variations of moss N concentration and δ¹⁵N revealed that atmospheric N deposition is dominated by NH_x-N from two major sources (urban sewage NH₃ and agricultural NH₃), the deposition of urban-derived NH_x followed a point source pattern characterized by an exponential decline with distance from the urban center, while the agricultural-derived NH_x was shown to be a non-point source. The relationship between moss N concentration and distance (y = 1.5e^−0.13x + 1.26) indicated that the maximum transporting distance of urban-derived NH_x averaged 41 km from the urban center, and it could be determined from the relationship between moss δ¹⁵N and distance [y = 2.54 ln(x) − 12.227] that urban-derived NH_x was proportionally lower than agricultural-derived NH_x in N deposition at sites beyond 17.2 km from the urban center. Consequently, the variation of urban-derived NH_x with distance from the urban center could be modeled as y = 56.272e^−0.116x − 0.481 in the Guiyang area.     

地表水中溶解氧监测及变化规律

采用碘-淀粉光度法对连云港大浦河水域中溶解氧进行测定,并对其日变化、季节变化和垂直分布及变化规律进行了分析。     

河网水源生态湿地水氢氧同位素分异特征

为揭示河网水源生态湿地中水力流程沿途和植物床-沟壕系统内部水同位素分异特征,于2019年8月夏季湿雨期,沿水力流程梯度采集嘉兴市石臼漾湿地、贯泾港湿地、海宁市长水塘湿地和泰山港湿地这4个根孔型水源生态湿地上层水样,于2020年1月冬季干冷期采集泰山港湿地植物床-沟壕系统内部沟壕上层水样和植物床潜水样品.测定氘（δD）和δ¹⁸ O丰度,运用同位素技术和数理统计方法解析湿地水体水同位素分布和组成特征,并探明植物床-沟壕系统对水同位素分异的影响.结果表明：①河网水同位素时空变化很大程度上受到不同水源补给和蒸发富集作用的影响,湿地敞水区水线与邻近区域大气降水线相比,湿地区水氢氧同位素呈现富集特征;②通过多种数理统计手段结合散点图并做模型假设诊断分析,发现在4个湿地的区域尺度和每个湿地内部的局域尺度,水氢氧同位素丰度及组成在垂向维度和水平维度大多呈现复杂的非线性变化,在区域尺度上,垂向维度的水位高程较水平维度的水力流程长度对水同位素的分布影响更大,而在局域尺度内,水力流程驱动的影响往往更大;③异质性较强的湿地根孔生态净化区相较于其他功能区其水同位素相对更加富集;④由芦苇等根系发达的植物所形成的地下大孔隙网络、富含粘土的基质土壤和植物床上的植物对湿地水氢氧同位素丰度具有显著影响,因此,在植物床-沟壕系统内部,出水侧的低位小沟相较于进水侧的高位小沟其水同位素偏轻;⑤植物床-沟壕系统中水同位素丰度的突变点可能预示着水体净化的拐点;⑥植物床-沟壕系统潜水中氘盈余（d-excess）明显高于沟水相应值,且潜水变异系数远大于沟水,湿地根孔生态净化区的氘盈余呈现夏季湿热雨季偏负、冬季干冷旱季偏正的季节性差异,反映了湿地水汽来源的季节性差异和内部同位素分馏行为的空间差异.研究结果为人们认识人工湿地中水同位素分布特征、水力流态及提升湿地运行效果提供参考依据,并为探索湿地水质提升关键技术提供新思路.本研究表明水同位素技术在剖析湿地水文学方面具有可靠的巨大潜力.