城市复合生态系统碳氧平衡分析——以沿海城市厦门为例

通过综合城市复合生态系统内社会经济活动的主要排碳、耗氧行为,以及城市区域内湿地、淡水、海洋、森林和农田5种遗留自然生态系统的固碳释氧功能,构建了城市碳氧平衡分析模型（UCOB）,并估算了城市社会经济活动和城市中自然生态系统的碳氧收支,对城市生态系统平衡状况进行定量化指征.最后,以中国东南沿海城市厦门为例进行研究.结果显...     

太湖西北湖区表层水体颗粒态有机碳含量的季节变化及其来源解析

以太湖重度蓝藻水华发生的西北湖区为研究对象,从河口到湖心区设置5个采样点,于2012年9月—2013年8月逐月采集表层水体样品,测定了水温、蓝藻生物量和总细菌丰度,并分析了颗粒态有机碳(POC)、溶解性有机碳(DOC)含量及颗粒态有机物(POM)的碳稳定同位素特征值(δ~(13)C_(POM))和碳氮比(C/N).结果表明,与DOC相比,太湖西北湖区表层水体POC含量变化范围较大,为(0.49±0.03)~(30.86±2.00)mg·L~(-1),冬季POC含量较低,春季和夏季POC含量达到最大值.降雨冲刷作用产生的悬浮物随着地表径流进入水体可能是引起汛期POC/DOC升高的重要原因.鉴于太湖水体风场影响下表层湖流作用会引起蓝藻在西北湖区堆积,5个采样点的蓝藻生物量没有显著差异.POC含量的差异仅存在于靠近陈东港的河口区S5与湖心S4之间(p0.05,n=10).蓝藻生物量与POC含量(r=0.634,n=48,p0.01)、δ~(13)C_(POM)(r=0.500,n=48,p0.01)均显著正相关,表明蓝藻是太湖西北湖区表层水体POC的来源之一.西北湖区秋、冬季δ~(13)C_(POM)显著低于春、夏季(p0.001,n=57),均值(-25.9‰±6.37‰)介于太湖δ~(13)C微囊藻(-20.9‰)和外源来源端元的碳稳定同位素特征值(-27‰)之间,表明内源和外源来源都是太湖西北湖区表层水体POC的来源,夏季表层水体POC的主要来源是内源,冬季河口区S5的主要来源是外源.POM碳氮比有显著季节变化规律,秋、冬季较春、夏季高(p0.001,n=55),平均值(9.36±2.80)较低,可能是内源来源POC及外源POC被细菌生物降解的结果.     

水中有机质矿化作用的生物地球化学室内模拟研究

有机质矿化直接影响到生物过程,对水生生态系统物理化学性质的调节起重要作用。而有机质矿化高时间分辨率下生物地球化学作用过程尚不十分明确。针对上述问题,我们利用水族箱培养的方式监测了有机质在24 h内的分解和矿化行为,研究了硝化细菌在此过程中的作用。研究所用水样采自贵阳花溪河,分别用大豆、玉米和混合饵料作为有机质在三个水族箱中进行对比实验。对硝化细菌起作用前后铵氮、亚硝酸盐氮、硝酸盐氮和溶解有机质δ13C进行每隔2 h的监测研究。结果显示,投放大豆饵料的水箱中三氮之和平均为16.41 mg/L,玉米水箱中为0.37 mg/L,混合饵料水箱中为6.05 mg/L。与以往认识不同,我们发现硝化细菌释放2 h后,三个水箱内铵氮含量平均升高37.16%,亚硝态氮含量平均升高5.98%,而硝态氮则出现降低现象,最大可降低64.85%。同时,微生物分解和矿化作用造成三个水族箱δ13C值平均升高13%~16%,明确地指示了细菌的活动作用。δ13C值的变化揭示,在硝化细菌释放后有机质分解加速,生物成因碳比例明显增加。     

土壤中多环芳烃的稳定碳同位素特征及其对污染源示踪意义

分析了天津市不同功能区土壤中多环芳烃的稳定碳同位素组成特征、土壤中菲、甲基菲、荧葸和芘的δ^13C值范围分别为-29．5‰～-23．2‰、-39．8‰～-23．4‰、-27．2％～-23．6‰和-28．1‰～-22．6‰,不同功能区稳定碳同位素组成的差异反映了PAHs来源的差异．稳定碳同位素组成特征表明,在研究区内,化石燃料燃烧产物的干-湿沉降是土壤PAHs的最主要来源之一,其它可能的来源有污水携带的油污、农作物茎杆及薪柴不完全燃烧产物等．就具体地点而言,土壤PAHs以二元混合输入为主,据此,运用稳定碳同位素组成的二元复合数值模型对不同来源PAHs的相对贡献率进行了估算     

太原市环境空气中挥发性芳香烃碳同位素组成及来源

利用Tenax TA吸附管采集太原市不同排放源及不同功能区环境空气样品,色谱-质谱、同位素质谱联用技术测定了其挥发性芳香烃化合物的碳同位素组成,并分析了其组成特征.结果表明,柴油挥发源、汽油挥发源、溶剂挥发源、机动车尾气源和民用燃煤源排放的挥发性芳香烃化合物中稳定碳同位素值(δ~(13)C)测定范围依次为:(-30. 79±0. 98)‰～(-29. 10±0. 14)‰、(-30. 96±0. 88)‰～(-28. 02±1. 77)‰、(-32. 13±0. 59)‰～(-27. 67±0. 49)‰、(-27. 58±0. 16)‰～(-25. 50±0. 75)‰和(-25. 14±0. 93)‰～(-23. 44±1. 32)‰,民用燃煤源显著富集13C.仅在民用燃煤源排放烟气中检出苯乙烯,δ~(13)C值为(-23. 44±1. 32)‰.太原市4个不同功能区采样分析显示,居民交通混合区环境空气中挥发性芳香烃的δ~(13)C值为(-25. 61±2. 20)‰～(-23. 91±0. 78)‰,较其他区域富集13C;工业区δ~(13)C检测值为(-29. 15±1. 06)‰～(-24. 53±1. 07)‰,较其他区域贫13C.将环境空气中挥发性芳香烃δ~(13)C值与排放源δ~(13)C值比较可发现,太原市4个环境空气点位的挥发性芳香烃主要来源是机动车尾气源和民用燃煤源,工业区受溶剂挥发影响较大.     

不同人工湿地系统处理生活污水的比较研究

以华南1号杂交狼尾草、海芋、春砂仁、文殊兰、美人蕉、沿阶草、鸢尾和红草为湿地植物,以煤渣、麻石、陶粒为填料构成几种人工湿地系统,对生活污水进行处理研究。结果表明:当进水COD浓度小于345mg/L时,各系统出水COD浓度均小于60 mg/L(停留时间为6 h),达到GB 18918-2002的一级B标准;当进水TP浓度在4.44~8.17 mg/L之间,NH4+-N浓度在41.3 mg/L以下,TN浓度在66.1 mg/L以下时,各系统出水TP、氨氮、总氮浓度分别小于1,25,20 mg/L(停留时间为12h),均达到GB18918-2002的二级B标准。     

First flush of storm runoff pollution from an urban catchment in China

Storm runoff pollution process was investigated in an urban catchment with an area of 1.3 km^2 in Wuhan City of China. The results indicate that the pollutant concentration peaks preceded the flow peaks in all of 8 monitored storm events. The intervals between pollution peak and flow peak were shorter in the rain events with higher intensity in the initial period than those with lower intensity. The fractions of pollution load transported by the first 30% of runoff volume （FF30） were 52.2%-72.1% for total suspended solids （TSS）, 53.0%-65.3% for chemical oxygen demand （COD）, 40.4%-50.6% for total nitrogen （TN）, and 45.8%-63.2% for total phosphorus （TP）, respectively. Runoff pollution was positively related to non-raining days before the rainfall. Intercepting the first 30% of runoff volume can remove 62.4% of TSS load, 59.4% of COD load, 46.8% of TN load, and 54.1% of TP load, respectively, according to all the storm events. It is suggested that controlling the first flush is a critical measure in reduction of urban stormwater pollution.     

Impact of different benthic animals on phosphorus dynamics across the sediment-water interface

As a diagenetic progress, bioturbation influences solute exchange across the sediment-water interface (SWI). Different benthic animals have various mechanical activities in sediment, thereby they may have different effects on solute exchange across the SWI. This laboratory study examined the impacts of different benthic animals on phosphorus dynamics across the SWI. Tubificid worms and Chironomidae larvae were introduced as model organisms which, based on their mechanical activities, belong to upward-conveyors and gallery-diffusers, respectively. The microcosm simulation study was carried out with a continuous flow culture system, and all sediment, water, and worms and larvae specimens were sampled from Taihu Lake, China. To compare their bioturbation effects, the same biomass (17.1 g wet weight (ww)/m2) was adopted for worms and larvae.Worms altered no oxygen penetration depth in sediment, while larvae increased the O2 penetration depth, compared to the control treatment. Their emergence also enhanced sediment O2 uptake. The oxidation of ferrous iron in pore water produced ferric iron oxyhydroxides that adsorbed soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) from the overlying water and pore water. Larvae built obviously oxidized tubes with about 2 mm diameter and the maximum length of 6 cm in sediment, and significantly decreased ferrous iron and SRP in the pore water compared to the control and worms treatments. Worms constructed no visually-oxidized galleries in the sediment in contrast to larvae, and they did not significantly alter SRP in the pore water relative to the control treatment. The adsorption of ferric iron oxyhydroxides to SRP caused by worms and larvae inhibited SRP release from sediment. Comparatively, worms inhibited more SRP release than larvae based on the same biomass, as they successively renewed the ferric iron oxyhydroxides rich oxidation layer through their deposition.     

黄海和东海海域溶解氧的分布特征

根据黄河和东海海区四个季度的调查资料，描述了溶解氧的时空分布和变化规律。黄、东海溶解氧分布的基本特征是北高南低，西高东低，随着水温的变化，不同季节这一差别有所不同。黄、东海溶解氧平均值分别为495．4和420．3μmol/L，测定范围分别为90．2－681．9和133－9－692．8μmol/L。以长江口以东H断面为例，描述了夏季溶解氧的断面分布特征，在20－30m水层出现一氧跃层，30m以下垂直分布比较均匀。文中还深入研究了东海陆架区黑潮水溶解氧的分布特征和变化规律。     

改性生物填料在水处理应用中氧传递的研究

研究了改性填料与普通填料在清水中的氧传质性能。根据反应器特征,建立了全混式反应器氧传质模型。分别测定了改性填料和普通填料在清水中连续曝气供氧的溶解氧值与曝气时间的关系。同一曝气流量下,改性填料反应器中清水的DO比普通填料反应器高;增大曝气流量,同一曝气时间反应器中清水的DO升高,直至饱和值Csat,并且前者比后者提前接近饱和值。采用全混式反应器氧传质模型,通过matlabprograms寻优求出连续曝气供氧时两种填料在清水中氧的液相总传递系数kLa。计算结果表明:曝气流量增大,氧传递系数kLa增大,其值约为22h-1～36h-1;在相同曝气流量下,改性填料的kLa均高于普通填料,约提高10%。试验表明改性填料增强了反应器的氧传递能力。