洱海水体溶解氧及其与环境因子的关系

通过分析多年洱海水体中溶解氧、氮、磷和叶绿素浓度,结合沉积物氮、磷形态结果,研究了水体中溶解氧与其氮、磷浓度和叶绿素浓度间的相互关系.结果表明,1992～2009年洱海水体中溶解氧在6.61～7.42 mg·L^-1之间变化,多年月均值9月最低为6.42 mg·L^-1,总体呈下降趋势.水体溶解氧浓度呈由北向南递减趋势...     

江蓠对赤潮消亡及主要水质指标的影响

跟踪监测八尺门海区赤潮的消亡过程并在室内和海区进行实验，研究江蓠(Gracilaria tenuistipitata)对赤潮的消亡和水质的影响。结果表明，江蓠可以加速中肋骨条藻赤潮的消亡，避免赤潮消亡后水体出现缺氧状态，减轻赤潮对环境的损害。采用室内模拟的办法，可以了解海区赤潮的发展趋势及赤潮消亡过程中溶解氧的浓度变化情况，为控制赤潮提供科学依据。     

草海典型高原湿地食物链中汞同位素组成特征

以国家自然保护区贵州草海高原湿地为研究对象,系统采集了不同种群水生生物,通过测定各样品总汞、甲基汞含量、碳氮同位素和汞同位素组成,以探究汞在食物链营养级传递过程中的同位素分馏特征.结果显示,所有样品均发生了汞同位素质量分馏(MDF)和非质量分馏(MIF),且均表现出偏负的δ202Hg (-0.93‰±1.32‰,n=14)以及偏正的Δ199Hg(0.79‰±0.76‰,n=14).除穗状狐尾藻(δ15N=-1.88‰)以外,δ15N和δ202Hg之间存在显著的正相关关系(r=0.58,P0.05),表明汞在食物链的生物富集过程中相对富集偏重的汞同位素.Δ199Hg和δ15N之间也表现出显著正相关性(r=0.67,P0.05),同时Δ199Hg与生物中甲基汞比例(%MeHg)之间存在显著正相关性(r=0.58,P0.05),表明汞的非质量分馏程度随食物链的升高而变大,可能是由于营养传递的过程中生物体内甲基汞的比例升高所致.     

Nitrogen removal from wastewater and bacterial diversity in activated sludge at different COD/N ratios and dissolved oxygen concentrations

The impact of the organic carbon to nitrogen ratio (chemical oxygen demand (COD)/N) in wastewater and dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration on carbon and nitrogen removal efficiency, and total bacteria and ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) communities in activated sludge in constantly aerated sequencing batch reactors (SBRs) was determined. At DO of 0.5 and 1.5 mg O₂/L during the aeration phase, the efficiency of ammonia oxidation exceeded 90%, with nitrates as the main product. Nitrification and denitrification achieved under the same operating conditions suggested the simultaneous course of these processes. The most effective nitrogen elimination (above 50%) was obtained at the COD/N ratio of 6.8 and DO of 0.5 mg O₂/L. Total bacterial diversity was similar in all experimental series, however, for both COD/N ratios of 6.8 and 0.7, higher values were observed at DO of 0.5 mg O₂/L. The diversity and abundance of AOB were higher in the reactors with the COD/N ratio of 0.7 in comparison with the reactors with the COD/N of 6.8. For both COD/N ratios applied, the AOB population was not affected by oxygen concentration. Amplicons with sequences indicating membership of the genus Nitrosospira were the determinants of variable technological conditions.     

除磷亚硝化颗粒工艺启动及性能恢复

针对生活污水低碳氮比的水质特点,采用SBR反应器接种低温储存的强化生物除磷颗粒污泥,来启动除磷亚硝化颗粒工艺,通过控制曝气强度及污泥龄实现除磷亚硝化的稳定运行,为后置CANON或厌氧氨氧化工艺(ANAMMOX)提供进水.污泥龄为30 d的条件下实现了出水TP小于0. 5 mg·L~(-1),COD浓度小于50 mg·L~(-1),亚硝酸盐氮积累率达到了90%以上.实验还得出,过高的曝气强度使除磷亚硝化性能恶化,可采用降低曝气强度和减小污泥龄的方式来改善除磷性能.污泥龄为40 d可以实现生活污水除磷亚硝化中的亚硝化性能进一步恢复,最终实现出水磷浓度保持在0. 5 mg·L~(-1)以下,COD及TP去除率分别稳定在80%及95%,亚硝酸盐积累率保持在90%以上,SVI值从初始的63 m L·g~(-1)降低到35 m L·g~(-1),颗粒污泥沉降性能良好,颗粒粒径在整个运行过程中保持在1 000μm以上.     

基于稳定同位素和水化学成分的西南喀斯特流域径流划分

针对喀斯特流域下垫面空间异质性强,地表、地下径流转化复杂的特点,本文选择贵州陈旗实验小流域,根据实地调查流域内水源位置以及同位素、水化学样品的采集,将流域内水源划分为地表水(仅当强降雨时发生)、表层岩溶带水和深层地下水,采用稳定同位素和水化学成分组合方法划分了流域出口径流的水源成分。结果表明:降雨期间,坡面地表径流所占比例较少,小于10%,表层岩溶带所占比例在28%～45%之间,地下径流所占比例在49%～62%之间;降雨过程中表层岩溶带径流比例增大,地下径流比例减少。降雨过后,表层岩溶带径流比例迅速减少、地下径流比例呈现增加趋势;地下径流是无雨期流域出口断面径流的主要组成部分,无雨期地下径流占地下暗河出口径流量68%～88%。     

基于氢氧稳定同位素的黄土高原云下二次蒸发效应

根据GNIP提供的1985年1月至2004年12月黄土高原8个站点的409个降水同位素数据及同期的气象资料,结合HYSPLIT 4.9模型,分析了该区δ18O和d的时空分布特征,计算了二次蒸发的比率,并对不同气象因子影响二次蒸发的程度作了探讨,得到以下结论:1冬季风和夏季风期间,在黄土高原内由南向北δ18O呈上升趋势,d呈下降趋势;自东向西δ18O仅在夏季风期间有上升趋势,而在冬季风期间呈现下降趋势,d总呈现下降的趋势,δ18O和d的变化幅度可以指示季风的路径.2该区全年存在二次蒸发效应,夏季风期间最为明显,蒸发比率介于1.51%~5.88%之间,平均值为3.87%.冬季风期间蒸发比率总体较低,介于1.06%~5.46%之间,平均值也降为3.03%.黄土高原边缘站点蒸发比率受季风变化影响较大,而中部站点受季风变化影响较小.3温度对二次蒸发的影响较大,降水量和水汽压其次,相对湿度较小.此外,风速和海拔对二次蒸发的影响较弱.     

A comparative investigation of NdSrCu_(1-x)Co_xO_(4-δ) and Sm_(1.8)Ce_(0.2)CU_(1-x)Co_xO_(4-δ) (x: 0-0.4) for NO decomposition

A series of single-phase T-structured NdSrCu_(1-x)Co_xO_(4-δ) with oxygen vacancies and T'-structured Sm_(1.8)Ce_(0.2)Cu_(1-x)Co_xO_(4-δ) (x:0-0.4) with oxygen excess were prepared using ultrasound-assisted citric acid complexing method, and characterized by means of techniques such as thermogravimetric analysis and NO temperature-progranuned desorption (NO-TPD). The catalytic activities of these materials were evaluated for the decomposition of NO. It was found that the NdSrCut_xCoxO4_b catalysts were of oxygen vacancies whereas the Sm_(1.8)Ce_(0.2)CU_(1-x)Co_xO_(4-δ) ones possessed excessive oxygen (i.e., over-stoichiometric oxygen); with a rise in Co doping level,the oxygen vacancy density of NdSrCu_(1-x)Co_xO_(4-δ) decreased while the over-stoichiometric oxygen amount of Sm_(1.8)Ce_(0.2)CU_(1-x)Co_xO_(4-δ)increased. The NO-TPD results revealed that NO could be activated much easier over the oxygen-deficient perovskite-like oxides than over the oxygen-excessive perovskite-like oxides, with the NdSrCuO_(3.702) catalyst showing the best efficiency in activating NO molecules. Under the conditions of 1.0% NO/helium, 2800 hr~(-1), and 600-900℃, the catalytic activity of NO decomposition followed the order of NdSrCuO_(3.702)> NdSrCu_(0.8)Co_(0.2)O_(3.736) > NdSrCu_(0.6)Co_(0.4)O_(3.789) > Sm_(1.8)Ce_(0.2)Cu_(0.6)Co_(0.4)O_(4.187)> Sm_(1.8)Ce_(0.2)Cu_(0.8)Co_(0.2)O_(4.104)> Sm_(1.8)Ce_(0.2)CuO_(4.045), in concord with the sequence of decreasing oxygen vacancy or oxygen excess density. Based on the results, we concluded that the higher oxygen vacancy density and the stronger Cu~(3+)/Cu~(2+) redox ability of NdSrCu_(1-x)Co_xO_(4-δ) account for the easier activation of NO and consequently improve the catalytic activity of NO decomposition over the catalysts.     

胶莱平原大气降水氢氧稳定同位素特征研究

区域大气降水稳定同位素组成是利用同位素技术研究区域水循环所必须的前提,对于深入了解水循环过程具有重要意义。本研究基于降水样品,分析了胶莱平原及周边地区降水氢氧稳定同位素特征,探讨了降水同位素的环境效应,并通过对比分析不同水汽输送路径站点的降水同位素季节变化趋势,揭示了胶莱平原大气降水水汽来源。结果显示：胶莱平原大气降水线LMWL为δ²H=6.38δ¹⁸O+0.72,胶莱平原大气降水δ¹⁸O存在较显著的温度效应和降水量效应,高程效应不显著。6—9月,胶莱平原降水水汽主要受控于东亚季风,水汽主要来自相邻太平洋海域蒸发水汽;10月—次年5月,胶莱平原降水水汽主要受控于西风,水汽来源于局地蒸发,受极地水汽影响较小。本研究结果将为胶莱平原地表水—地下水—海水之间的相互转化及水循环研究提供基础。     

新型内构件内循环三相流化床氧传递特性的研究

以树脂作为载体,研究了新型内循环三相流化床反应器氧传递速率和氧转移效率的影响因素(载体量、气速、导流挡板及布气器设置的位置).结果表明,当载体量<10%时,三重管、五重管的溶氧性能较好;当载体量>10%时,直管、多重管的溶氧性能更好;当载体量为15%时,随着表观气速的增大,氧传递速率增大,而气速分别在0.022 m/s和0.033m/s时,直管和多重管的氧转移效率达到最大值;底部布气优于其他高度布气;导流挡板的设置增强氧的传递作用.研究结果为反应器的放大及操作条件的优化提供了科学依据.