2017年最大降水对再生水受水河道径流组成的影响

再生水受水河道水文条件作为河流水生环境及生化反应重要控制因子,会受到丰水季降水汇入的影响.以潮白河典型受水河道——顺义段为例,通过丰水期前（2017-06-11）、降水中（2017-07-06）、降水后（2017-07-08、2017-07-09）河水中氢氧同位素特征和氯离子浓度的变化,识别地表径流组成对2017年最大日降水量（重现期3.3a）的响应,揭示河流汇水过程径流组成的时空差异及原因.结果表明,在降水初期,降水中氢氧同位素主要受雨量效应影响,后期微小变幅主要受水汽来源差异影响,整个河段接受降水的同位素值相近.降水后3 d内坡地汇流尚未停止,在各断面占比各异;坡地汇流占比沿程增加（2%~85.6%）,再生水占比沿程减少（90%~67%）,再生水通过优先通道到达下游断面.降水后3 d内SY01~SY05断面水量由坡地汇流、再生水、原位水组成,有明显的河网汇水过程,SY06~SY07断面水量由坡地汇流及原位水组成.     

设施菜田土壤N2O产生对O2的响应

以添加(DIS)/不添加(DI)玉米秸秆的常规设施菜田土壤为研究对象,通过室内培养试验,利用在线自动监测培养系统,在不同初始氧气体积分数下(0%、1%、3%、5%和10%)监测土壤N_2O、NO、N_2和CO_2产生量的动态变化,并同步分析了土壤无机氮(NO-2、NO-3、NH+4)含量,同时设置添加Na Cl O3的处理抑制土壤NO-2的氧化,以期对比研究不同碳投入菜田土壤N_2O产生量对O_2的响应.结果表明,厌氧条件下土壤N_2O产生量显著高于有氧条件下土壤N_2O产生量(P0.01).当氧气体积分数≤1%时,添加秸秆的(DIS)土壤N_2O产生量显著高于未添加秸秆的(DI)土壤(P0.01).土壤中氧耗竭时会观察到明显的N_2O产生速率峰值,但N_2产生速率峰值随着初始氧气体积分数的升高极显著降低(P0.01),反之,土壤中如果没有出现氧耗竭的现象,则N_2O和N_2产生量随着初始氧气体积分数的升高显著降低(P0.01).初始氧气体积分数介于1%~5%时,培养过程中会观察到持续的NO-2累积,且在该氧梯度内N_2O/(NO+N_2O+N_2)指数显著高于0%以及10%初始氧气体积分数的处理,此外,添加Na Cl O3后,当初始氧气体积分数为5%和10%时,持续增加的NO-2与N_2O产生量两者之间线性相关(R2≥0.85).本研究结果表明,低氧条件下不完全的反硝化和NO-2诱导的硝化细菌反硝化共同作用,显著增加了土壤N_2O的产生量和N_2O/(N_2O+NO+N_2)指数;但是,有氧条件下土壤N_2O的产生量显著低于厌氧条件(P0.01).     

人工湿地不同基质和粒径对污水净化效果的比较

为研究人工湿地基质类型和粒径对水质净化效率的影响,选择了1~2、2~4、4~8 mm的沸石,2~4、4~8、8~16mm的砾石和2~4、3~5、6~8 mm的无烟煤基质,在无植物人工实验柱中开展单一基质的水质净化实验.结果表明,相同类型不同粒径的基质对COD、TN、TP的去除效果不同.4~8 mm沸石和砾石、6~8 mm无烟煤对COD的去除率最高,分别为53.74%、60.76%、62.93%;人工实验柱中氮素的去除以反硝化作用为主,粒径对TN去除效果的影响表现为小粒径更优;砾石和无烟煤的TP去除率也表现为小粒径更高,但沸石的TP去除率随着粒径的增大而增大.基质类型对COD、TP、TN的去除效果也存在差异.无烟煤对COD、TP、TN均有较好的去除效果,平均去除率在60%以上;沸石对TN的去除效果最好,TP去除率不高;砾石对COD有较高的去除率,对TP的去除效果一般.     

Atmospheric HULIS and its ability to mediate the reactive oxygen species (ROS): A review

Atmospheric humic-like substances(HULIS) are not only an unresolved mixture of macroorganic compounds but also powerful chelating agents in atmospheric particulate matters(PMs); impacting on both the properties of aerosol particles and health effects by generating reactive oxygen species(ROS). Currently, the interests of HULIS are intensively shifting to the investigations of HULIS-metal synergic effects and kinetics modeling studies, as well as the development of HULIS quantification, findings of possible HULIS sources and generation of ROS from HULIS. In light of HULIS studies, we comprehensively review the current knowledge of isolation and physicochemical characterization of HULIS from atmospheric samples as well as HULIS properties(hygroscopic, surface activity, and colloidal) and possible sources of HULIS.This review mainly highlights the generation of reactive oxygen species(ROS) from PMs, HULIS and transition metals, especially iron. This review also summarized the mechanism of ironorganic complexation and recent findings of OH formation from HULIS-metal complexes. This review will be helpful to carry out the modeling studies that concern with HULIS-transition metals and for further studies in the generation of ROS from HULIS-metal complexes.     

云南保山中晚志留世碳酸盐岩的锶同位素组成及海平面变化

本文以云南保山地区中上志留统栗柴坝组海相碳酸盐岩作为研究载体,运用锶同位素比值方法,结合岩石学、古生物学等,对该区志留系中晚期的海平面变化情况及其影响因素进行了研究。其中锶同位素比值数据为该区首次获得,其所反映的海平面变化趋势与同时期美国中西部的海平面演化曲线具有良好的耦合性。研究结果表明;剖面第一段至第二段,~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr值逐渐减小,表明此时海平面相对逐渐升高;第二段~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr值整体处于相对低的水平,总体呈现出逐渐减小趋势,且在21号样品处达到最低值(0.710 5),说明此阶段海侵作用明显;第三段,在较短的地质时期内,~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr值表现出相对强烈的正偏移,达到极值0.728 49,说明海平面相对下降明显。总之,志留系中晚期海平面表现为先升后降的过程。锶同位素的强烈偏移以及岩石内较高的~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr值,正是同时期造山运动和海平面下降事件的反映。     

重庆地区石笋δ13C记录的全新世气候环境变化

本文利用重庆市青木关镇狮子洞石笋QM09铀系测年数据和氧碳稳定同位素数据,重建了研究区9.4~0 ka BP的古气候环境演化历史。依据狮子洞石笋δ~(13)C记录变化趋势,将其划分为2个阶段:(1)9.4~3.0 ka BP期间,狮子洞石笋δ~(13)C记录除了在4.2 ka BP附近发生一次短暂的偏重事件外,整体变化比较平缓,石笋δ~(13)C值比较偏轻;同时石笋δ~(18)O值在该期也较为偏轻,暗示了此时段季风强盛,气候温暖湿润,地表植被变化稳定。此时人类活动比较弱,对自然环境的影响小,植被变化主要受自然气候环境的影响;(2)3.0~0 ka BP期间,石笋δ~(13)C记录不再呈现如第一阶段般平稳变动的趋势,在3.0 ka BP时开始波动下降,在经历1.7 ka BP大幅下降后,δ~(13)C便频繁波动大幅升降。石笋δ~(18)O记录显示该时段季风减弱,气候变干,植被退化,土壤水中溶解的CO_2含量减少。加之该期人类活动剧烈,地表自然植被遭到破坏,当地无机环境更多的参与到地下水循环体系中来,使得石笋δ~(13)C逐渐加重。     

N2O产生机制的同位素方法研究进展

N₂O是一种重要的温室气体,是由多种微生物的硝化与反硝化作用产生,但是它产生的生物地球化学机制还不十分清楚。本文结合N₂O产生的微生物过程,阐述了国内外利用同位素标记法、N₂O的δ¹⁵N和δ¹⁸O双同位素法、N₂O的δ¹⁵N^α（¹⁴N¹⁵N¹⁶O）和δ¹⁵N^β（¹⁵N¹⁴N¹⁶O）、SP值同位素异构体法以及多种同位素法相结合研究N₂O的产生机制及微生物过程,比较了这些方法的优缺点,尤其重点阐述了近些年来兴起的N₂O同位素异构体计算各过程贡献比例及其判别源与汇的理论及其应用。¹⁵N同位素富集因子法和SP值法也分别应用于产生N₂O的微生物群落结构、数量和活性变化的研究,以从根本上达到控制N₂O排放量的目的。同时指出同位素方法研究N₂O产生机制的困难和不足。     

Isotopes, Wool, and Rangeland Monitoring: Let the Sheep Do the Sampling

3 and C₄ plant species consumed by animals. Sheep sample vegetation continuously throughout a year, and as their wool grows it integrates and stores information about their diet. In subtropical and tropical rangelands the majority of grass species are C₄. Since sheep prefer to graze, and their wool is an isotopic record of their diet, we now have the potential to develop a high resolution index to the availability of grass from a sheep's perspective. Isotopic analyses of wool suggest a new direction for monitoring grazing and for the reconstruction of past vegetation changes, which will make a significant contribution to traditional rangeland ecology and management. It is recommended that isotopic and other analyses of wool be further developed for use in rangeland monitoring programs to provide valuable feedback for land managers.     

Evolutionarily stable strategies of age-dependent sexual advertisement

In various models of sexual selection mediated by the viability indicator (“good genes”) mechanism, a sexually selected trait will truly reflect male quality if its expression is costly for the male. However, in long-lived species, the expression of a trait often increases with age while the genotype of the male remains unchanged. This fact may obscure the indicator mechanism. Hitherto, game theory models of honesty in sexual advertisement have not taken life-history effects into account, whereas life-history models of reproductive effort have only seldom considered the dependence of mating success on the actions of other individuals. Here, the two approaches are combined, and I examine whether honesty is maintained if males can divide their advertisement effort over their lifetime. The model shows that an increase in the expression of the sexually selected trait over several years is an evolutionarily stable strategy (ESS) under a wide range of situations, so that a correlated preference for old age can emerge through a viability indicator mechanism. Honesty in the strict sense is not preserved: an optimally behaving low-quality male will in some cases advertise more than a high-quality male of equal age, to the extent that the strongest advertisement found in the population can be associated with a low-quality male. Due to life-history trade-offs, however, honesty in an average sense holds true over the lifetime of individuals: “cheater” age classes will remain small enough, that a female will obtain a higher expected mate quality if she trusts in the trait as an indicator of viability. Received: 25 June 1996 / Accepted after revision: 15 April 1997     

微生物菌剂对不同废水的适配试验

采用15种不同的微生物菌剂,以葡萄糖配水、中药提取废水、啤酒废水、氨氮配水等为基质,分别测定了微生物菌剂的耗氧速率和厌氧比产甲烷速率,以单位菌剂对不同基质的耗氧速率和厌氧比产甲烷活性为指标,比较了各菌剂对废水的适配性.根据测定结果选择活性高的菌剂,在试验室进行了菌剂对废水的连续处理试验.结果表明,不同菌剂对同一种废水的好氧或厌氧活性不同,同种菌剂对不同废水的好氧和厌氧活性不同.废水的连续处理试验取得良好的处理效果.No.8菌剂处理葡萄糖配水,系统有机负荷最高可达(COD)10.8 g L-1d-1,COD去除率可达90%以上;采用No.10菌剂处理氨氮配水,好氧氨氮负荷可达(NH4-N )1.42 g L-1d-1,厌氧氨氮负荷可达(NH4-N )0.3 gL-1d-1,系统NH4-N 去除率可达90%以上.图2表3参8