Historical alteration in the nitrogen concentration and N natural abundance of mosses in Germany: Indication for regionally varying changes in atmospheric nitrogen deposition within the last 140 years

Historical alterations of nitrogen deposition in the western part of Germany were investigated by comparing nitrogen concentrations and ¹⁵N natural abundance of historical and recent samples of the two pleurocarpous mosses Pleurozium schreberi and Scleropodium purum. Pooling of the data revealed only slight tissue N increases over the past 140 years which were significant nevertheless. At closer examination on the single site level historical increases of N concentrations were found particularly for some sites in regions where agricultural activities were considerably intensified during the second half of the 20th century. The comparison of δ¹⁵N values showed a strong depletion of ¹⁵N natural abundance in areas currently heavily influenced by livestock management. This indicates an increased impact of NH_y compounds. However, the almost unchanged δ¹⁵N values in some low mountain range areas with only moderate intensification of agriculture point to a more or less constant ratio of NH_y/NO_x input over time. Significant correlations of both tissue N concentrations and ¹⁵N natural abundance between the two species justify the assumption that they use the same nitrogen source, probably atmospheric deposition.     

稳定同位素识别水体硝酸盐污染来源的研究进展

水体硝酸盐污染已经成为一个世界性的水质问题。为了确保供水安全和有效治理水环境中硝酸盐污染,准确识别水体中硝酸盐的污染来源显得尤为重要。近年来,硝酸盐稳定氮(δ15 N)和氧(δ18 O)同位素示踪技术被广泛用于识别水环境中硝酸盐的污染来源。然而,水环境中硝酸盐污染来源的复杂性和同位素分馏的影响,致使该项技术的应用存在一定的局限性。概括了硝酸盐中的δ15 N和δ18 O的典型值域范围,阐述了多种同位素技术联合识别水体中硝酸盐污染来源的方法以及应用模型定量解析硝酸盐污染源贡献率,最后,对该领域未来的发展方向进行了阐述。     

铸铁还原氯乙酸的影响因素与机制研究

氯乙酸是地表水与饮用水中一种常见的微量氯代有机污染,具有致癌性,浓度较高时对人体健康会产生一定的危害.为了更经济地去除水体中的氯乙酸,研究了铸铁废料去除氯乙酸的可行性,讨论了铁类型、预处理方法,振荡方式以及溶解氧等条件对还原效果的影响.结果表明传质过程比铁类型与酸处理对氯乙酸还原速率的影响更大.铸铁无氧去除三氯乙酸(TCAA)的主要产物为二氯乙酸(DCAA)而有氧存在时为一氯乙酸(MCAA).在纵向翻转下铸铁对氯乙酸的去除过程符合伪一级动力学,TCAA、DCAA与MCAA的无氧速率常数分别为0.46 h-1、0.03 h-1与0,有氧速率常数依次为1.24 h-1、0.79 h-1与0.28 h-1.不同氧含量环境中铸铁对氯乙酸的去除机制不同,无氧时为连续氢解,有氧时可能包括连续氢解与直接转化过程.     

石化工业园区有毒废水来源识别研究

针对石化废水对综合污水处理厂的毒性冲击问题,采用耗氧速率抑制试验评价不同石化废水对活性污泥的毒性,评价对象包括石化工业园区内不同生产装置和装置内不同生产节点的废水.试验发现废水的有机质含量与毒性效应之间没有直接的相关性,并不能单从废水的有机质含量预测其毒性.同时,研究中针对活性污泥敏感性在不同批次试验之间的差异问题,将各废水对活性污泥的毒性数据转化为标准毒性物质3,5-二氯苯酚的浓度,提高了数据之间的可比性.在此基础上,根据废水流量和对应3,5-二氯苯酚浓度,计算废水对应标准毒性物质质量排放负荷,作为评价废水毒性排放贡献的指标.对不同装置和节点石化废水的毒性贡献进行排序,有效识别了该石化工业园区内有毒废水的产生来源,为从生产源头控制废水毒性提供有效指导.     

溶解氧对Biolak型A2O工艺脱氮除磷性能的影响

通过对Biolak型A2O工艺处理生活污水工程应用的研究,考察了好氧段溶解氧(DO)浓度对该工艺脱氮除磷的影响.试验结果表明,DO浓度变化对系统COD、NH+4-N处理效果的影响不大,而对系统总氮及总磷的去除效果影响显著.当DO浓度控制在0.80~1.50 mg·L-1之间时,系统总氮去除效果最佳,可以达到69.5%,系统好氧段可实现同步硝化反硝化除氮.通过对系统氮进行物料衡算发现,23.7%的总氮通过好氧段多级A/O反硝化脱氮去除.当DO浓度为1.00~3.00 mg·L-1时,总磷(TP)去除率较高,可以达到74.0%.DO浓度控制在1.00~1.50 mg·L-1之间时,系统脱氮除磷效果最佳,此时TN、TP的去除率分别为68.9%、73.7%,二级生化处理段出水TN、TP分别为12.02、0.95 mg·L-1.     

Variations in stable hydrogen and oxygen isotopes in atmospheric water vapor in the marine boundary layer across a wide latitude range

The newly-developed cavity ring-down laser absorption spectroscopy analyzer with special calibration protocols has enabled the direct measurement of atmospheric vapor isotopes at high spatial and temporal resolution. This paper presents real-time hydrogen and oxygen stable isotope data for atmospheric water vapor above the sea surface, over a wide range of latitudes spanning from 38°N to 69°S. Our results showed relatively higher values of 8180 and 82H in the subtropical regions than those in the tropical and high latitude regions, and also a notable decreasing trend in the Antarctic coastal region. By combining the hydrogen and oxygen isotope data with meteoric water line and backward trajectory model analysis, we explored the kinetic fractionation caused by subsiding air masses and related saturated vapor pressure in the subtropics, and the evaporation-driven kinetic fractionation in the Antarctic region. Simultaneous observations of meteorological and marine variables were used to interpret the isotopic composition characteristics and influential factors, indicating that d-excess is negatively correlated with humidity across a wide range of latitudes and weather conditions worldwide. Coincident with previous studies, d-excess is also positively correlated with sea surface temperature and air temperature （Tair）, with greater sensitivity to Tair. Thus, atmospheric vapor isotopes measured with high accuracy and good spatial- temporal resolution could act as informative tracers for exploring the water cycle at different regional scales. Such monitoring efforts should be undertaken over a longer time period and in different regions of the world.     

环境应急监测方法测定水中化学需氧量的研究

随着社会和经济的快速发展,环境污染事故尤其是突发性水污染事故,不仅在发生次数上,而且在污染的危害程度上有增大趋势。应急监测是突发性环境污染事故处置与善后处理中的重要环节。用真空检测管-电子比色法测定水和废水中的化学需氧量,实验结果表明,该方法的准确度和精密度较高。方法最低检出限为10 mg/L,回收率为89.0%～105%,相对标准偏差为1.8%～12.3%,相对误差为-2.38%～＋8.80%。用重铬酸盐法和真空检测管法测定实际样品,2种方法相对误差为-34.7%～＋6.86%,能满足半定量检测要求,符合环境应急监测分析的要求。     

氧含量对甲烷及丙烯爆炸特性的影响

为了进一步研究烷烃类气体在与氧气接触时的爆炸特性规律,对烃类气体爆炸理论、爆炸特性参数做了理论分析和计算,并以甲烷和丙烯为例,通过对其爆炸极限、爆炸压力、爆炸压力上升速率、爆炸指数的测试,探讨了氧含量对烃类气体爆炸特性的影响。测试结果表明:氧含量的增加能提升其最大爆炸压力,当氧含量达到一定值时,理论计算值已不适用;提高甲烷爆炸极限的宽度,对其爆炸上限影响十分显著,但对爆炸下限的影响并不明显;对爆炸压力上升速率也有巨大的促进作用,当氧含量提高时,爆炸压力上升速率可能提升数十倍;并测得了丙烯在80℃,表压0.14MPa条件下的极限氧含量值(LOC)。总之,氧含量的增加对烃类气体爆炸特性的促进作用是十分显著的。     

空间站原子氧环境仿真研究

目的预估空间站在轨期间遭受的原子氧撞击通量。方法通过对空间站构型进行建模,轨道、姿态参数设定,应用Kepler计算方法对空间站在轨20年的原子氧积分通量进行初步的仿真计算和分析。结果得到了航天器各个微元表面的原子氧积分通量数据。结论通过数据分析可知,迎风方向上经受的最大原子氧通量达到5.79×1022atoms/cm2,综合空间站各个不同位置表面的积分通量数据,可为航天器结构设计与材料选择提供技术支持。     

高效稳定的单一汞同位素大气发生系统

汞在大气-植被-土壤界面间的迁移转化一直是近年来研究的热点,稳定汞同位素添加技术为这一科学问题的研究提供了新的手段,而如何产生低浓度、稳定、连续且经济可行的单一汞同位素大气(xxx Hg0)是试验研究的难点与关键。本试验旨在设计、创建微环境单一汞同位素富集大气的发生系统,该系统不仅具有低成本,可以连续产生低浓度、稳定性强、可控性高、利用效率高的同位素汞蒸气(xxx Hg0)特性,还兼有轻便灵巧、安装便捷、可移动性强和适用范围广等特点。