城市化与生态环境响应研究综述

城市化是学者们一直比较关注的重点问题,他们从不同视角对城市化及其过程进行了大量而富有创新的研究,并取得了丰硕的成果。伴随着城市化进程的加快,人们对生态环境问题的关注,城市化与生态环境的响应关系是城市地理新的关注点。文章分别就国内外学者对城市化、城市生态环境、城市化与生态环境响应的研究进行了综述,认为国内外学者对城市化、城市生态环境的研究起步早,成果多,近年来研究范围日益拓展,研究程度日益加深,并加强了新技术新方法的应用。国内学者对城市化的研究集中于城市化道路选择问题的探讨、城市化水平测度以及城市化的动力机制三个方面。对城市生态环境的研究多集中于社会一经济一自然复合生态系统及生态城市的研究。对于城市化与生态环境响应关系的研究则多见于生态学家、经济学家及地理学家的成果中,主要集中在单方面的城市化对生态环境的影响研究,而对于生态环境是怎样反过来影响城市化进程的研究则比较少见。另外,学者们的研究以微观单个影响因子的研究居多,从宏观综合角度出发进行的研究较少。这将是今后研究的一个重点问题。     

广东省能源消费与经济增长动态关系研究——基于环境库兹涅茨曲线假说

基于库兹涅茨曲线模型,对广东1980-2010年经济增长与能源消费的动态关系进行了实证研究.结果表明,在整个研究期间,广东省人均能源消费与人均经济增长协整关系呈单调正相关,1999年的结构断点使两者的协整关系发生变化,断点分隔的两个时间段内均符合倒“U”型模型,但曲线拐点后移.广东省现处于倒“U”型曲线的左端,EKC理论拐点为23253元（1978年不变价）.广东省应采取积极有效的节能减排政策,引导促进倒“U”型曲线弧度降低,让拐点提前到来.     

Curve Number Derivation for Watersheds Draining Two Headwater Streams in Lower Coastal Plain South Carolina,USA

The objective of this study was to assess curve number (CN) values derived for two forested headwater catchments in the Lower Coastal Plain (LCP) of South Carolina using a three‐year period of storm event rainfall and runoff data in comparison with results obtained from CN method calculations. Derived CNs from rainfall/runoff pairs ranged from 46 to 90 for the Upper Debidue Creek (UDC) watershed and from 42 to 89 for the Watershed 80 (WS80). However, runoff generation from storm events was strongly related to water table elevation, where seasonally variable evapotranspirative wet and dry moisture conditions persist. Seasonal water table fluctuation is independent of, but can be compounded by, wet conditions that occur as a result of prior storm events, further complicating flow prediction. Runoff predictions for LCP first‐order watersheds do not compare closely to measured flow under the average moisture condition normally associated with the CN method. In this study, however, results show improvement in flow predictions using CNs adjusted for antecedent runoff conditions and based on water table position. These results indicate that adaptations of CN model parameters are required for reliable flow predictions for these LCP catchments with shallow water tables. Low gradient topography and shallow water table characteristics of LCP watersheds allow for unique hydrologic conditions that must be assessed and managed differently than higher gradient watersheds.     

基于STIRPAT模型的环境压力空间差异分析——以能源消费为例

定量分析区域人文驱动力对环境的影响,对认识我国区域环境压力及其影响因素具有一定的科学意义.利用STIRPAT模型,以人口数量、富裕度为自变量,以能源消费总量为因变量,应用岭回归函数拟合得到环境压力模型.以研究结果为依据.利用Mapinfo7.0 软件分别绘制人口数量和富裕度对环境压力影响的空间差异图.结果显示,不同省份间人口数量和富裕度对环境压力影响存在显著差异.尽管各省份人口数量对环境压力都产生线性正效应影响,但影响强度有明显差异,最大者是最小者的8.079倍.富裕度对环境压力影响,有正效应或者负效应;有线性作用或者弹性作用.30个考察对象中,北京、上海、四川、新疆4个省市的富裕度二次项系数为负,这说明,在数据观测范围内以上4个省市的结果支持富裕度与环境压力间存在倒"U"型环境库兹涅茨曲线的观点;但这4个省市的环境压力并没有出现下降,这是由于各种人文驱动力影响的净效应决定了环境压力变化趋势.人口数量的增长对环境压力的上升存在较强正效应.因此,控制人口数量的速度对改善环境压力将起到关键作用.     

六价铬还原细菌Bacillus cereus S5.4还原机理及酶学性质研究

从宝钢电镀污泥中分离得到1株六价铬还原细菌Bacillus cereus S5.4,在液体LB培养基中培养72　h完全还原2　mmol/L Cr⁶⁺.测定该菌株六价铬还原后细胞内外六价铬和总铬浓度,检测细胞各组分六价铬还原能力,并结合扫描电镜分析六价铬还原前后细胞形态的变化.结果表明,细菌的细胞壁膜能阻止六价铬进入细胞,是六价铬发生还原的主要场所,其通透性的改变将影响六价铬还原酶的作用;该菌株六价铬还原酶为非分泌型,在细菌细胞内侧发生作用.测定六价铬还原酶活性和稳定性：其最适温度范围25～37℃,最适pH 7,Cu2＋有增强六价铬还原酶活性的作用;在37℃,该菌株六价铬还原酶K_m为125.61 μmol/L,V_max为7.68 nmol/(min·mg).     

Economic Globalization and Industrial Pollution

Abstract

In order to study the relationship between economic globalization and industrial pollution, this paper developed the theoretical framework and used simultaneous equations. The result shows that economic globalization has influences on the industrial pollution mainly by the direct effect of scale, structure and technology as well as the indirect effect of income and policy. Considering all the factors, economic globalization, especially foreign direct investment (FDI), will reduce industrial pollution, in which technology spillover effect plays an important role.     

辽宁省经济发展与环境污染水平计量模型研究

选取辽宁省1981-2009年经济与环境数据,通过计量模型探讨辽宁省经济增长与环境质量的演替轨迹.结果表明,1981-2009年辽宁省环境库兹涅茨曲线大体呈现“倒U形+U形+倒U形”特征,即“M形”,表明辽宁省的综合环境污染水平随经济增长呈现波动变化;工业废水排放量、工业废气排放量、工业固体废物产生量等单项指标的环境库兹涅茨曲线形态分别为“U形”曲线左侧部分、“U形+倒U形”和“U形”曲线右侧部分;进一步分析表明,辽宁省EKC特征与工业结构变化、环境保护投资等有显著相关性.     

Using a GIS Model to Identify Internally Drained Areas and Runoff Contribution in a Glaciated Watershed1

Macholl, Jacob A., Katherine A. Clancy, and Paul M. McGinley, 2011. Using a GIS Model to Identify Internally Drained Areas and Runoff Contribution in a Glaciated Watershed. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 47(1):114‐125. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2010.00495.x Abstract: Glaciated watersheds are not easily delineated using geographic information systems’ elevation‐based algorithms, especially where stream networks are disconnected and there are large regions of internally drained areas. This paper presents the results of an analysis using the Potential Contributing Source Area (PCSA) model to identify potential contributing areas, defined as areas from which runoff is physically capable of reaching a drainage network. The investigation was conducted to define the potential contributing areas in a glaciated region of northwest Wisconsin. The curve number (CN) method was used to predict runoff volumes in the watershed. The streamflows of four tributaries were measured and the runoff portion of the hydrograph quantified to be compared with runoff estimates calculated using the potential contributing areas and the traditional catchment area. Runoff producing events occurred, but the use of area‐weighted CN values was unsuccessful in modeling runoff due to all precipitation depths during the study period falling below the initial abstraction. A distributed CN approach provided runoff estimates that were generally better using the potential contributing areas compared with using the traditional catchment area. The extent of the minimum contributing area, estimated for a range of precipitation events, was found to be substantially less than the potential contributing areas, suggesting that the PCSA model delimits the maximum boundary of potential contributing areas.     

基于二元语义的职业健康安全管理体系绩效评价

为提高职业健康安全管理体系(OHSMS)绩效和职业健康安全绩效,根据OHSMS绩效评价的重要性,提出基于二元语义的OHSMS绩效评价模型。研究科学合理的评价指标体系,并运用层次分析法(AHP)和灰色关联分析法(GRA)确定主客观权重,再运用乘法集成法确定组合权重,作为评价指标的最终权重,运用二元语义的集结算子,计算OHSMS绩效评价指标的综合值,取得最终的评价结果。结果表明,基于二元语义的OHSMS绩效评价将专家经验与定量计算相结合,合理地处理许多因素的不确定性,通过确定不符合项和改进措施,持续改进OHSMS绩效。     

振打机构摆臂疲劳寿命仿真及可靠性分析

目的 针对振打机构关键部件摆臂,开展疲劳寿命及关键参数影响程度仿真分析,获得寿命分布及可靠性数据,校核摆臂设计是否满足使用要求。方法 基于S-N曲线进行振打机构摆臂的寿命仿真,开展动力学仿真与应力仿真,获得不同温度下摆臂最低寿命与管壁壁厚的关系。通过对关键寿命影响参数进行影响程度仿真分析,获得寿命分布及可靠性数据。结果 当摆臂壁厚大于1.77mm时,摆臂的平均寿命大于144万次,满足产品设计要求。疲劳寿命与弹性模量E负相关,与抗拉强度和表面加工系数正相关。可靠度R取0.8时,摆臂的可靠寿命约为29 005次;可靠度R取0.9时,摆臂的可靠寿命约为11 891次。结论 振打机构摆臂壁厚需大于1.77 mm,摆臂表面质量系数大于0.827 3,材质抗拉强度大于907.76 MPa,弹性模量E小于2.041×10^(5)MPa。