振打机构摆臂疲劳寿命仿真及可靠性分析

目的 针对振打机构关键部件摆臂,开展疲劳寿命及关键参数影响程度仿真分析,获得寿命分布及可靠性数据,校核摆臂设计是否满足使用要求。方法 基于S-N曲线进行振打机构摆臂的寿命仿真,开展动力学仿真与应力仿真,获得不同温度下摆臂最低寿命与管壁壁厚的关系。通过对关键寿命影响参数进行影响程度仿真分析,获得寿命分布及可靠性数据。结果 当摆臂壁厚大于1.77mm时,摆臂的平均寿命大于144万次,满足产品设计要求。疲劳寿命与弹性模量E负相关,与抗拉强度和表面加工系数正相关。可靠度R取0.8时,摆臂的可靠寿命约为29 005次;可靠度R取0.9时,摆臂的可靠寿命约为11 891次。结论 振打机构摆臂壁厚需大于1.77 mm,摆臂表面质量系数大于0.827 3,材质抗拉强度大于907.76 MPa,弹性模量E小于2.041×10^(5)MPa。     

基于细胞尺度的光照对四尾栅藻生长的影响

以四尾栅藻（Scenedesmus quadricauda）为研究对象,采用平行平板流动腔装置,基于计算机视觉的藻细胞动态生长观察方法,从单细胞尺度研究不同光照强度对四尾栅藻藻细胞生长的影响.成功建立了四尾栅藻个体生长曲线模型,模型拟合效果良好.结果表明：在8000lux光照强度下,藻细胞的体积最大比生长速率最大,即四尾栅藻生长的最适光照强度为8000lux;适宜的光照条件可以增加藻细胞分裂时的大小,小于8000lux时,藻细胞分裂体积随着光照强度的增加而增加,大于8000lux时,藻细胞分裂时体积反而越来越小;较高的光照强度还有利于藻细胞适应新的环境,减少藻细胞复苏时间.     

某新型航空发动机压气机叶片服役环境适应性研究初探

目的 开展某新型航空发动机压气机叶片服役环境适应性研究,探究压气机叶片服役环境下的耐蚀性及腐蚀萌生周期.方法 采用电化学工作站,开展压气机材料典型环境下标准三电极电化学试验,获取腐蚀电流.结合机场环境谱与当量折算法,利用计算得到的当量折算系数,对机场环境谱进行当量折算,编制模拟该型发动机后续服役环境的仿真加速腐蚀试验环境谱.依据该环境谱,开展压气机叶片试件仿真加速腐蚀试验.结果 在模拟服役环境下的第8个当量腐蚀年限时,新型航空发动机压气机叶片开始出现局部点蚀.随着腐蚀年限的延长,腐蚀损伤程度逐渐加重.结论 在服役环境下,新型航空发动机压气机叶片具有良好的环境适应性,能够满足6～8 a首翻期内的环境适应性要求.     

Temporal limits to simulating the future spread pattern of invasive species: Buddleja davidii in Europe and New Zealand

The spread of invasive species is a major ecological and economic problem. Dynamic spread modelling is a potentially valuable tool to assist regional and central government authorities to monitor and control invasive species. To date a lack of suitable data has meant that most broad scale dispersal models have not been validated with independent datasets, and so their predictive ability and reliability has remained unscrutinised. A dynamic, stochastic dispersal model of the widely invasive plant Buddleja davidii was calibrated on European spread data and then used to project the temporal progression of B. davidii's distribution in New Zealand, starting from several different historical distributions. To assess the model's performance, we constructed an occupancy map based on the average number of simulation realisations that have a population present. The application of Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves to occupancy maps is introduced, but with specificity substituted by the proportion of available area used in a realisation. A derivative measure, the partial area under these curves when assessed through time (pAUC), is introduced and used to assess overall performance of the spread model. The model was able to attain a high level of model sensitivity, encompassing all of the known locations within the occupancy envelope. However, attempting to simulate the spread of this invasive species beyond a decade had very low model specificity. This is due to several factors, including the exponential process of spread (the further a population spreads the more sites exist from which it can spread stochastically), and the Markovian chain property of the stochastic system whereby differences between realisations compound through time. These features are seen in many reports of spread models, without being explicitly acknowledged. Our measure of pAUC through time allows a model's temporal performance and its specificity to be simultaneously assessed. While the rapid deterioration in model performance limits the utility of this type of modelling for forecasting long-term broad-scale strategic management of biological invasions, it does not necessarily limit its attractiveness for informing smaller scale and shorter term invasion management activities such as surveillance, containment and local eradication.     

活性炭常温吸附实验研究

活性炭因有较大的比表面积和经济易得性,常作为气体吸附法净化气体的吸附剂。SO2是大气环境质量指示的一个重要大气环境因子,其排放被严格控制。SO2的吸附受多种因素影响,本研究选取商品粒状活性炭作为样品,在常温、常压、相对湿度RH=0%、用SO2标气和N2模拟配制气体的条件下,进行了活性炭物理吸附SO2的穿透曲线和吸附容量的研究,结果显示该商品活性炭实验吸附穿透曲线和吸附容量随其颗粒直径的减小而增加,吸附曲线也由陡峭变平坦。所得实验结果为商品活性炭的使用提供实验数据支撑。     

地铁隧道排烟口无量纲结构参数与局部阻力研究*

针对现有行业规范中的排烟口结构参数尚不明确的问题,依托过海瓦贵区间隧道,搭建隧道通风排烟模型实验系统。设定11种排烟口面积工况,结合实验与数值模拟,得到排烟口上、下游的静压值和风速。引入动能修正系数,推导出基于上下游能量差的排烟口局部阻力表达式,绘制出无量纲面积比与局部阻力系数曲线族。研究结果表明:排烟口长宽比值较大时,不利于排烟口下方风流流动;在同一风机组合工况下,当排烟口面积缩小时,局部阻力系数会呈现出先减后增的趋势;提出排烟口最优结构长宽比为1.06。研究结果可为相关规范制定提供参考,并为防灾救灾提供理论支持。     

自然灾害风险分析的基本原理

介绍了风险研究的基本内容,探讨了自然灾害风险分析的基本原理。从风险的本质和自然灾害的具体表现可以看出,自然灾害风险的分析,依赖于一整套贯穿于致灾因子到灾害影响的、能前后相联的模型。本文对各个环节的模型提出了一些原则性的建议。     

Analytical solutions of three-dimensional contaminant transport in uniform flow field in porous media: A library

The purpose of this study is to present a library of analytical solutions for the three-dimensional contaminant transport in uniform flow field in porous media with the first-order decay, linear sorption, and zero-order production. The library is constructed using Green’s function method (GFM) in combination with available solutions. The library covers a wide range of solutions for various conditions. The aquifer can be vertically finite, semi-infinitive or infinitive, and laterally semi-infinitive or infinitive. The geometry of the sources can be of point, line, plane or volumetric body; and the source release can be continuous, instantaneous, or by following a given function over time. Dimensionless forms of the solutions are also proposed. A computer code FlowCAS is developed to calculate the solutions. Calculated results demonstrate the correctness of the presented solutions. The library is widely applicable to solve contaminant transport problems of one- or multiple- dimensions in uniform flow fields.     

ACCURACY AND PRECISION OF NRCS MODELS FOR SMALL WATERSHEDS1

ABSTRACT: In the last 30 years, the National Resource Conservation Service's TR‐55 and TR‐20 models have seen a dramatic increase in use for stormwater management purposes. This paper reviews some of the data that were originally used to develop these models and tests how well the models estimate annual series peak runoff rates for the same watersheds using longer historical data record lengths. The paper also explores differences between TR‐55 and TR‐20 peak runoff rate estimates and time of concentration methods. It was found that of the 37 watersheds tested, 25 were either over‐ or under‐predicting the actual historical watershed runoff rates by more than 30 percent. The results of this study indicate that these NRCS models should not be used to model small wooded watersheds less than 20 acres. This would be especially true if the watershed consisted of an area without a clearly defined outlet channel. This study also supports the need for regulators to allow educated hydrologists to alter pre‐packaged model parameters or results more easily than is currently permitted.     

北方和温带森林生态系统的蒸腾耗水

北方和温带森林地处气候变化敏感的中高纬度地区,认识其蒸腾耗水过程的时卒动态及其控制因子是评价和预测森林在气候系统中作用的基础.本文综述了北方和温带森林蒸腾耗水的近期研究结果,从叶片、个体和林分3个尺度综合分析了树木蒸腾耗水的变异性及其影响因子,并探讨了其中的尺度转换问题.主要结论如下:尽管相同生活型树木的蒸腾耗水量变异性较大,但针叶树的平均蒸腾耗水量在叶片和个体尺度上显著低于阔叶树,而在林分尺度上针叶林和阔叶林之间差异不显著.3个尺度上的蒸腾作用均受太阳辐射、蒸汽压亏缺、土壤含水量等环境因子的影响,且存在因子间的交互作用,但主导控制因子因时空尺度而异.单株树木蒸腾量与胸径、边材面积和树高均呈显著正相关;林分日蒸腾量最大值与叶面积指数相关显著,而生长季日蒸腾量平均值则与年降水量和年均温呈正相关.这些蒸腾速率与生物环境因子之间的关系模型和不同空间尺度之间的联系是目前森林蒸腾过程尺度转换的基础.本文还讨论了该领域研究中存在的问题和研究热点.