Investigation of the Curve Number Method For Surface Runoff Estimation In Tropical Regions

This study tests the applicability of the curve number (CN) method within the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) to estimate surface runoff at the watershed scale in tropical regions. To do this, surface runoff simulated using the CN method was compared with observed runoff in numerous rainfall‐runoff events in three small tropical watersheds located in the Upper Blue Nile basin, Ethiopia. The CN method generally performed well in simulating surface runoff in the studied watersheds (Nash‐Sutcliff efficiency [NSE] > 0.7; percent bias [PBIAS] < 32%). Moreover, there was no difference in the performance of the CN method in simulating surface runoff under low and high antecedent rainfall (PBIAS for both antecedent conditions: ~30%; modified NSE: ~0.4). It was also found that the method accurately estimated surface runoff at high rainfall intensity (e.g., PBIAS < 15%); however, at low rainfall intensity, the CN method repeatedly underestimated surface runoff (e.g., PBIAS > 60%). This was possibly due to low infiltrability and valley bottom saturated areas typical of many tropical soils, indicating that there is scope for further improvements in the parameterization/representation of tropical soils in the CN method for runoff estimation, to capture low rainfall‐intensity events. In this study the retention parameter was linked to the soil moisture content, which seems to be an appropriate approach to account for antecedent wetness conditions in the tropics.     

电渗透脱水污泥干燥特性曲线及干燥模型简

通过电渗透脱水技术及自然风干技术两种预处理方式降低污泥含水率,当污泥初始含水率相近时,研究经两种方式处理后污泥的干燥特性曲线,并对电渗透脱水污泥干燥特性曲线的优势情况进行探讨。在40~120℃的低温条件下,研究电渗透脱水污泥（泥饼厚度为3.5 mm）的干燥特性曲线并分析其干燥特性。通过所得电渗透脱水污泥的干燥特性曲线,引入薄层污泥干燥模型进行数值分析。结果表明,在实验条件下,电渗透脱水污泥的干燥速率要优于自然风干污泥的干燥速率。随着温度的升高,电渗透脱水污泥的干燥速率随之升高,干燥到所需含水率的时间则随之减少。Logarithmic模型比其他模型更适合描述薄层电渗透脱水污泥在低温条件下的干燥特性。     

Effect of culture time on the growth curve and power performance in a microbial fuel cell at a fixed amount of liquid culture

The microbial fuel cell uses the microorganism biochemistry to carry on the energy conversion. Concerning the experimental precision, the colony culture would be replaced by a fixed amount of liquid culture for Microbial fuel cell of Escherichia coli. The anode and cathode chambers whose each volume is 100 mL were utilized, the effective surface area of proton exchange membrane Nafion-117 is about 9 cm². In addition, the electrode area of carbon cloth is 20 cm². Three kinds of Escherichia coli, named as BCRC No. 10322, 10675 and 51534, respectively, would be selected. Results show that the electricity performance of Escherichia coli of BCRC No.51534 is better than the other microorganism studied because of having a larger open circuit voltage of 1.01 V and limiting current 22 mA, the maximum power density of 1342 mW/m^2, and average working power density of 295 mW/m² would be produced. These results would be useful to improve the performance of microbial fuel cell.     

鄱阳湖典型洲滩湿地土壤质地与水分特征参数研究

频繁干湿交替增强了鄱阳湖洲滩土壤水对湿地系统的动态调节作用。以鄱阳湖吴城国家自然保护区的一个典型洲滩湿地为研究区,调查分析了土壤质地沿高程梯度的分布特征,确定了不同土壤质地的水分特征参数,并阐述了土壤质地与其水分特征参数的空间异质性。结果发现:该洲滩湿地主要分布砂土、粉壤土和粘土三种类型。水平断面方向上,粒径较粗的砂土和粉壤土主要分布在高位滩地,而粒径相对较细的粘土主要分布在近湖区开阔水面的低位滩地;土壤剖面方向上,土壤质地呈现出固有分层特性。van Genuchten模型应用于鄱阳湖洲滩湿地土壤水分特征曲线拟合,证实了该模型在鄱阳湖洲滩湿地的适用性。模型结果表明土壤残余含水率θr变化约9%~19%,饱和含水率θs变化约42%~57%,土壤进气值的倒数α约0.01 cm~(–1),水分特征曲线形状参数n介于1.11~4.65之间。土壤含水率变化对van Genuchten模型中参数α和n较为敏感,而对θr和θs的敏感性相对较弱。研究成果可为后续该区域以及全湖区湿地生态水文模型的构建和发展提供背景信息和参数资料。     

Low dose effects and non-monotonic dose responses for endocrine active chemicals: Science to practice workshop: Workshop summary

A workshop was held in Berlin September 12–14th 2012 to assess the state of the science of the data supporting low dose effects and non-monotonic dose responses (“low dose hypothesis”) for chemicals with endocrine activity (endocrine disrupting chemicals or EDCs). This workshop consisted of lectures to present the current state of the science of EDC action and also the risk assessment process. These lectures were followed by breakout sessions to integrate scientists from various backgrounds to discuss in an open and unbiased manner the data supporting the “low dose hypothesis”. While no consensus was reached the robust discussions were helpful to inform both basic scientists and risk assessors on all the issues. There were a number of important ideas developed to help continue the discussion and improve communication over the next few years.     

多重线性软化材料的拉伸应变局部化及力学行为分析

峰后线性应变软化本构关系的拉伸局部化带内部的塑性应变分布及试样的峰后应力—应变关系的理论解答不适用于复杂情形,在双线性应变软化条件下,得到了拉伸局部化带内部的塑性拉伸应变分布及试样的峰后应力—应变关系的理论表达式,又将其推广为多重线性应变软化情形,这在一定程度上拓展了考虑峰后应变局部化的单向拉伸试样力学行为模型的适用范围。拓展后的模型具有广泛的适用性,可模拟峰后的Ⅰ类及Ⅱ类(回跳)行为。通过选择适当的塑性模量(依赖于应力水平)与拉伸局部化带宽度的比值,本文的模型可以精确地模拟多种准脆性材料(例如岩石及混凝土)在单向拉伸条件下的复杂的峰后力学行为。     

江湖关系变化及其对鄱阳湖水环境影响研究——代“江湖关系变化及其对鄱阳湖水环境影响研究”专栏序言

近年来,江湖关系变化成为影响鄱阳湖水环境的重要因素之一.立足于近年来鄱阳湖与长江江湖关系变化,试图通过鄱阳湖发展演变及江湖关系变化影响因素,以及江湖关系变化对鄱阳湖入湖污染负荷、水质、沉积物和藻类水华影响等方面,深入揭示江湖关系变化对鄱阳湖水环境影响机理.其中,从N、P生物地球化学循环的角度切入,研究揭示江湖关系变化对水体和沉积物N、P等生源要素的产生、输移、转化与降解过程以及赋存形态与时空分布等的影响机理;利用水质-水动力耦合模型量化江湖关系改变对鄱阳湖水动力及水质的影响;应用SWAT模型以及GIS技术,定量估算了江湖关系变化对鄱阳湖入湖营养盐负荷及其典型湿地植被景观格局时空变化的影响;利用现场观测和室内模拟试验研究预测了江湖关系变化对鄱阳湖藻类水华风险的影响,并讨论分析了其影响的重点区域和时段.     

钢渣固定床对水中Pb(Ⅱ)和Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附研究

采用钢渣吸附剂分别对Pr(Ⅱ)和Cd(Ⅱ)进行固定床吸附实验,考察了不同运行参数如进水流速、进水初始浓度和吸附柱高度对动态吸附过程的影响,并应用Thomas模型对在不同条件下得到的穿透曲线进行拟合。实验结果表明进水流速、进水初始浓度和吸附柱高度对动态吸附过程存在影响,穿透时间随床层高度的增加而增加,但是随进水流速和进水初始浓度的增加而减少。Thomas方程穿透曲线拟合效果较好,相关系数R2值均在0.9以上,运用该方程可准确预测吸附柱的操作参数。     

低成本单室微生物燃料电池型BOD传感器的研制

生化需氧量(biochemical oxygen demand,BOD)是表征有机物污染程度的综合性指标,传统的检测方法为5 d 20℃培养法,费时费力,不宜现场实时监测.以MnO2代替金属铂作阴极催化剂、以阳离子交换膜代替昂贵的质子交换膜,构建单室微生物燃料电池(microbial fuel cell)型BOD传感器,考察外接电阻、阳极液pH值、检测时间和清洗时间对检测效果的影响,并用该传感器检测实际水样BOD值,与传统BOD5值进行比较.结果表明:①以廉价MnO2为阴极催化剂,阳离子交换膜为隔膜,构建的单室MFC型BOD传感器成本低,结构简单,操作方便,可用于BOD的在线检测;②该BOD传感器的适宜运行条件为样品pH7.0,外接电阻12 kΩ,检测时间2 h,清洗时间2~10 min;③实际水样检测结果显示,传感器最低检出限为0.2 mg/L,测量线性范围为BOD浓度5~50 mg/L,最佳测定范围为BOD浓度20~40 mg/L,精确度为0.33%,标准曲线线性相关系数达0.999 2,与BOD5比较,相对误差在4.0%以内.     

GDX-502对一元酚动态吸附曲线和吸附容量的研究

测定了GDX-502树脂对水中9种一元酚的动态吸附曲线和吸附容量,讨论了可能的吸附机理?实验结果表明,水中各种酚对GDX-502存在着竞争吸附,若水样体积足够大,则水也参与竞争吸附?浓度高的酚,竞争能力强,被吸附容量大?相同浓度的酚,溶解度越小,偶极矩适当大,并能做为电子受体与树脂形成较强的π-键合作用力,则竞争占优势,被吸附容量大?动态吸附曲线上负吸附现象的存在是竞争吸附,特别是水处于优势吸附时的结果