论环境侵权民事诉讼中的举证责任分配

环境民事侵权诉讼中的举证责任制度所说的举证责任倒置是一个举证责任的再分配，其基本考虑乃在于要衡平受害人和致害人间基于环境侵权之制度特征所致的信息不对称和地位的不对等。对现有环境民事侵权中举证责任倒置的举证责任分配原则所涉及的归责原则、侵权构成要件、因果关系推定以及当事人举证与法院依职权推定相结合原则的理解与适用是立法和司法需要加以重视的方面。     

Using and comparing two nonparametric methods (CART and MARS) to model the potential distribution of gullies

Gully erosion represents an important soil degradation process in rangelands. In order to take preventive or control measures and to reduce its environmental damages and economical costs it is useful to localize the points in the landscape where gullying takes place and to determine the importance of the different factors involved. The study is carried out in Extremadura, southwest Spain. The main objectives of this work are: (a) comparing two nonparametric schemes to model the potential distribution of gullies, (b) evaluating the importance of the different factors involved in gullying processes, (c) analyzing the role of prevalence in the success of the model and finally, (d) implementing and mapping the results with the help of a Geographical Information System (GIS). Two methods were used to model the response of a dependent variable (gullying) from a set of independent variables: Classification And Regression Trees (CART) and Multivariate Adaptive Regression Splines (MARS). Three different datasets were used; the first one for constructing the model (training dataset) and the others for validating the model (external datasets). These datasets are formed by a target variable (presence or absence of gullies) and a set of independent variables. The dependent variable was obtained by mapping the locations of gullies with the help of a GPS and high resolution aerial ortophotographs. A set of 32 independent variables reflecting topography, lithology, soil type, climate, land use and vegetation cover of each area were used. The performance of the models was evaluated using a non-dependent threshold method: the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve. The results showed a better performance of MARS for predicting gullying with areas under the ROC curve of 0.98 and 0.97 for the validation datasets, while CART presented values of 0.96 and 0.66.     

超旱生植物沙冬青高温胁迫下的快速叶绿素荧光动力学特征

沙冬青Ammopiptanthus mongolicus是温带荒漠地区唯一的常绿阔叶灌木,由于其生长的沙漠中极端高温远高于其它地区,因此研究沙冬青对高温胁迫的响应特征对于解释植物的抗逆机理具有极为重要的意义.快速叶绿素荧光动力学可以在无损情况下探知叶片光合机构的热损伤程度,JIP-test方法将测量值转化为多种具有生物学意义的参数,因而被广泛应用于高温胁迫的有关研究中.对不同环境条件下快速叶绿素荧光诱导动力学曲线的分析可以深入了解植物光合机构对环境的适应机制.本文利用高频采样叶绿素荧光仪在野外下测定了沙冬青在不同温度处理下的荧光响应情况.研究结果表明,沙冬青耐热性在40～45℃;25℃、30℃及40℃时的F_V/F_M在O.80以上,光合反应正常.50℃时出现高温胁迫特征:1)F_V/F_M降低为0.73;2)OJIP曲线变形为OKJIP曲线,K点出现在300 ms左右,值为245.00;3)反应中心的活性下降,Q_A-的还原速率加快.这些变化是由于光合反应中的电子传递受阻引起的,而光合反应中心并没有被破坏,胁迫条件解除后,光合机构还可恢复,说明沙冬青具有极强耐热性.     

非等距饱和指数曲线参数的灰色辨识及其应用

根据非等距ＧＭ（１,１）的建模原理,建立了非等距和指数曲线参数灰色辨识的二次一元线性回归解法。初步应用表明,本法计算简便,信息利用率高,拟合精度好,不仅为饱和指娄曲线参数辨识提供了新途径,也进一步拓广了它的应用范围。     

地表水中甲醛的光谱吸收曲线-线性拟合斜率-乙酰丙酮分光光度法检测

光谱吸收曲线-线性拟合斜率-分光光度法(SAC-LFS-S)用于检测地表水中甲醛尚存准确度不足问题,通过筛选合适的参比波长段,使SAC-LFS-S法准确度进一步提高。以试剂空白和浊度梯度地表水样品的检测结果及方法检出限为主要筛选对象,得到425～435、420～435、420～440、415～440、415～445、410～445、415～450、410～450、455～495、410～455、405～455、450～500 nm等共12个合适的测定波长段;再选择试剂空白结果较低、批间重复性较好的450～500 nm测定波长段,筛选参比波长段(455～465、480～495、450～490 nm共3个)。结果表明:优化后SAC-LFS-S法线性范围为0. 100～3. 00 mg/L,方法检出限为0. 025～0. 033 mg/L;优化前、后方法测得部分地表水样品结果分别为有检出和未检出,回收率为73. 4%～108. 8%,后者与无亮黄色化合物产生的实验现象更吻合。经参比波长段校正的SAC-LFS-S法具有更高的准确度,非常适用于地表水中甲醛的直接测定。     

RuO_2-IrO_2/Ti修饰阳极的制备及电催化降解苯酚的研究

采用涂刷法制备铱、钌摩尔比(Ir∶Ru)分别为1∶2、1∶1和2∶1的3种RuO2-IrO2/Ti修饰电极。5g/L苯酚溶液中循环伏安(CV)曲线测试结果表明,Ir∶Ru为1∶2的RuO2-IrO2/Ti修饰电极没有出现明显的氧化峰,而Ir∶Ru分别为1∶1、2∶1的RuO2-IrO2/Ti修饰电极分别在0.83、0.90V处出现明显的氧化峰。0.5mol/L硫酸溶液中的极化曲线测试结果表明,Ir∶Ru分别为1∶2、1∶1、2∶1的3种RuO2-IrO2/Ti修饰电极的析氧电位分别为1.20、1.25、1.35V。一定条件下的苯酚降解试验结果表明,160min后Ir∶Ru分别为1∶2、1∶1、2∶1的3种RuO2-IrO2/Ti修饰电极的苯酚去除率分别达到74.3%、82.3%和94.6%。可见,Ir∶Ru为2∶1的RuO2-IrO2/Ti修饰电极的析氧电位最高,苯酚去除率最高,电催化效果最好。     

兰州地区垃圾填埋场黄土腾发盖层降水入渗模拟

在半干旱地区,利用腾发盖层代替传统盖层,在相同的防渗效果下可以减少垃圾填埋场设计过度造成的浪费。以兰州地区为例,实验测试得到兰州黄土的土水特征曲线,求得田间持水量和萎蔫含水量;结合兰州地区2007—2008年气象资料,利用Hydrus-1D软件,模拟了透过盖层的降水入渗量,分析了黄土盖层替代传统盖层的可行性。研究结果显示,31 cm厚的黄土盖层理论上可以满足阻止降水入渗的要求,与传统盖层相比,具有成本低、施工简单的优点。     

纺织行业水污染物排放量的关键影响要素研究

分析了2005—2012年纺织行业单位产品的用水量、主要水污染物排放强度和排放浓度的变化趋势,并采用灰色关联度分析方法,对各要素与行业主要水污染物排放量进行了关联分析。结果显示,2005—2012年中国纺织行业主要水污染物的排放强度显著下降,2012年COD和氨氮的排放强度分别为5.93、0.41kg/t,相比2005年分别下降了51.9%和39.7%。与纺织行业COD排放量变化最为密切的指标是单位产品的废水排放量、单位产品取水量与单位产品COD排放量,说明纺织行业生产工艺的提升对行业COD排放量的降低有较为密切的关系。与氨氮排放量变化最为密切的指标是单位企业产品产量、氨氮平均排放浓度与总量类指标,说明企业规模、末端治理工艺与氨氮排放量有较为密切的关系。     

基于库兹涅茨曲线的耕地集约利用对耕地实际产能的影响研究

准确识别不同耕地集约利用水平下耕地实际产能的响应规律是指导耕地利用投入和保障国家粮食安全的重要前提。在利用土地报酬递减规律对耕地集约利用水平与耕地实际产能关系进行理论分析的基础上,构建耕地集约利用水平与耕地实际产能的库兹涅茨曲线模型,利用标准耕作制度二级指标区,对湖北省进行了市域尺度的实证研究。研究结果表明:鄂豫皖丘陵山区、沿江平原区和盆周秦巴山区的耕地集约利用水平和耕地实际产能已呈现倒U曲线关系,证实库兹涅茨曲线模型可以有效识别不同耕地集约利用水平下耕地实际产能的响应规律。将各市耕地利用投入水平与相应临界值进行对比,得出襄阳等市应提高耕地集约利用水平和调整耕地利用投入结构,发挥耕地集约利用的规模效益和结构效益,而随州等市则需加强耕地利用投入结构优化,提升耕地集约利用的结构效益。该研究可为优化耕地利用投入结构和制定差异化耕地利用与保护政策提供决策依据。     

Effects of Spatial Distribution of Prairie Vegetation in an Agricultural Landscape on Curve Number Values

The curve number (CN) method is used to calculate runoff in many hydrologic models, including the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). The CN method does not account for the spatial distribution of land cover types, an important factor controlling runoff patterns. The objective of this study was to empirically derive CN values that reflect the strategic placement of native prairie vegetation (NPV) within row crop agricultural landscapes. CNs were derived using precipitation and runoff data from a seven‐year period for 14 small watersheds in Iowa. The watersheds were planted with varying amounts of NPV located in different watershed positions. The least squares and asymptotic least squares methods (LSM) were used to derive CNs using an initial abstraction coefficient (λ) of 0.2 and 0.05. The CNs were verified using leave‐one‐out cross‐validation and adjustment for antecedent moisture conditions (AMC) was tested. The asymptotic method produced CN values for watersheds with NPV treatment that were 8.9 and 14.7% lower than watersheds with 100% row crop at λ = 0.2 and λ = 0.05, respectively. The derived CNs produced Nash‐Sutcliffe efficiency values ranging from 0.4 to 0.7 during validation. Our analyses show the CNs verified best for the asymptotic LSM, when using λ of 0.05 and adjusting for AMC. Further, comparison of derived CNs against an area weighted CN indicated that the placement of vegetation does impact the CN value. Editor's note : This paper is part of the featured series on SWAT Applications for Emerging Hydrologic and Water Quality Challenges. See the February 2017 issue for the introduction and background to the series.