Water and solute movement in soil as influenced by macropore characteristics: 2. Macropore tortuosity

The paper describes the results of a laboratory study on the effects of macropore tortuosity on breakthrough curves BTCs and solute distribution in a Forman loam (fine loamy-mixed Udic Haploborolls) soil. BTC were obtained using 2-D columns (slab) containing artificial macropores of five different tortuosity levels. The BTCs were run under a constant hydraulic head of 0.08 m over an initially air dry soil. The input solutions contained 1190 mg l⁻¹ of potassium bromide, 10 mg l⁻¹ of Rhodamine WT, and 100 mg l⁻¹ of FD&C Blue #1. A soil column without macropores served as a control. The displacement of a non-adsorbed tracer was not affected by the tortuosity level. An increase in macropore tortuosity progressively increased the breakthrough time, increased the apparent retardation coefficient (R′), decreased the depth to the center of mass of a given adsorbed tracer, and increased the anisotropy in tracer distribution profile. The relative importance of macropore tortuosity increased with an increase in the adsorption coefficient of the tracer. Compared to macropore continuity, the macropore tortuosity had greater impact on solute distribution profile than in its leaching.     

谈谈化验中应用工作曲线的几个问题

本文着重论述在化验分析中应有工作曲线中应注意的几个问题供参政。     

外商直接投资、经济增长与工业污染关系研究

基于某市1986年-2010年跨度14年的面板数据,对外商直接投资(FDI)、经济增长与工业污染之间的关系进行了实证分析和研究,分析结果表明:随着经济的增长,因外商投资经济活动导致的环境污染水平提高越来越慢,其提高幅度即将进入下降期;FDI对污染水平有规模负效应,对环境质量有规模正效应,基于该市现有的招商引资战略及环境管制水平,总体上说,FDI的引入对控制环境污染、提高环境质量具有积极效应,建议在以后的保护环境和利用外资过程中,对环境规制、产业结构、外资利用等各维度进行调整、创新,发挥并增幅FDI对环境质量的规模正效应.     

亚甲基蓝分光光度法测定硫化物校准曲线斜率、截距参考值研究

通过近三年实验室采用亚甲基蓝分光光度法测定硫化物校准曲线制作的一系列原始数据的收集,并通过数理统计方法对校准曲线、-余标准偏差、斜率扩展不确定度、截距扩展不确定度开展了详细讨论,得出亚甲基蓝分光光度法测定硫化物校准曲线斜率(b)参考范围为:0.019 1±0.00044,截距(a)参考值范围:0.003 3±0.005 0.此结果对实验室分析人员判定硫化物项目校准曲线制作是否合格具有一定的参考价值.     

Response of soil CO2 efflux to precipitation manipulation in a semiarid grassland

Soil CO_2efflux(SCE) is an important component of ecosystem CO_2 exchange and is largely temperature and moisture dependent, providing feedback between C cycling and the climate system. We used a precipitation manipulation experiment to examine the effects of precipitation treatment on SCE and its dependences on soil temperature and moisture in a semiarid grassland. Precipitation manipulation included ambient precipitation, decreased precipitation(- 43%), or increased precipitation(+ 17%). The SCE was measured from July2013 to December 2014, and CO_2 emission during the experimental period was assessed.The response curves of SCE to soil temperature and moisture were analyzed to determine whether the dependence of SCE on soil temperature or moisture varied with precipitation manipulation. The SCE significantly varied seasonally but was not affected by precipitation treatments regardless of season. Increasing precipitation resulted in an upward shift of SCE–temperature response curves and rightward shift of SCE–moisture response curves,while decreasing precipitation resulted in opposite shifts of such response curves. These shifts in the SCE response curves suggested that increasing precipitation strengthened the dependence of SCE on temperature or moisture, and decreasing precipitation weakened such dependences. Such shifts affected the predictions in soil CO_2 emissions for different precipitation treatments. When considering such shifts, decreasing or increasing precipitation resulted in 43 or 75% less change, respectively, in CO_2 emission compared with changes in emissions predicted without considering such shifts. Furthermore, the effects of shifts in SCE response curves on CO_2 emission prediction were greater during the growing than the non-growing season.     

基于社区分类的厦门市家庭生活垃圾产量及其形成机制

家庭生活垃圾与公众生活密切相关,是城市固体废弃物的重要组成部分.明确家庭垃圾产量的影响因素对于理解垃圾产生格局和和后续的管理评价有重要意义.社区是家庭生活垃圾管理的最基本单元,而我国的城市化进程引起了城市社区的多样化.因此,本文根据住房制度改革进程中的不同阶段,将社区分为建于20世纪80年代福利分房时代的旧式社区,2000年改革后的后市场力量主导的商业社区和介于上述两种社区之间的过渡社区.通过空间抽样选取厦门市20个居住小区,分别于夏季和冬季进行为期1周的采样.结果发现,家庭生活垃圾产量呈不均衡分布.通过多元回归建立了家庭生活垃圾产量驱动模型,结果表明,旧式社区的家庭生活垃圾产生以经济驱动为主,过渡社区以家庭结构的驱动为主,商业社区以生活习惯的驱动为主.通过社区分类,可以更好地解释家庭生活垃圾产生的机制,有助于进一步对家庭生活垃圾管理和减量引导做出科学决策.     

基于Bezier曲线的特殊螺纹密封面参数化设计

为提高油套管特殊螺纹密封性能,优化特殊螺纹密封结构,基于Bezier曲线理论方法,提出1套特殊螺纹球面对锥面密封结构参数化设计方法,并设计了1种基于Bezier曲线理论的特殊螺纹密封结构。通过数值模拟方法,对比分析新型特殊螺纹密封结构与传统球面/锥面密封结构形式密封面上接触应力分布。结果表明:基于Bezier曲线设计的特殊螺纹密封结构可提高密封面接触压力,改善螺纹接头密封区塑性区域分布,有利于提高特殊螺纹接头的抗疲劳性能,有效预防特殊螺纹接头应力腐蚀断裂,为深井、超深井油管柱螺纹接头的密封设计提供参考。     

深圳湾红树林湿地面源污染初期效应研究

研究了深圳湾红树林湿地雨水面源污染统计特征、污染过程线等方面内容,采用M(V)曲线法分析讨论了排入湿地的小沙河排放口污染物的特征规律。监测结果显示,BOD5、COD超过地表水环境Ⅴ类水指标,TN、TP没有超过地表水环境Ⅴ类水指标,表明现阶段流域附近的地区内的截污及河道清淤控制较好。M(V)曲线法分析表明,检测的各项污染物指标不存在明显的初期效应,其中BOD、COD、SS较TN、TP相对初期冲击强度较大。研究结果能够为红树林湿地水环境保护提供参考策略。     

pH对粘土矿物胶体在饱和多孔介质中运移的影响

环境pH值条件的变化是影响土壤胶体运移的重要因素之一.本文选取土壤体系中常见的两种不同结构类型的粘土矿物胶体高岭石和蒙脱石作为主要实验材料,通过室内模拟实验和数学模型分析的手段,分别研究了不同pH值条件下,两种无机胶体在多孔介质中的迁移规律.结果表明:高岭石胶体受溶液的pH条件影响强烈,随着pH的变化,ξ电位及颗粒粒径大小发生明显变化,不同的pH条件下的穿透曲线差异明显.在酸性条件下,高岭石胶体回收率显著降低,而蒙脱石胶体基本不受pH影响;利用HYDRUS-1D模型拟合结果与测定数据之间非常匹配,说明利用该模型模拟饱和条件下胶体在多孔介质中的迁移完全可靠.