街道峡谷型交叉口内气态污染物扩散的数值模拟

对大气边界层内大气湍流和建筑物对道路交叉口处机动车排放气态污染物扩散的影响进行了研究.在计算区域内建立了三维街道峡谷型道路交叉口及其内部机动车排放的模型,并在中性层结条件下,采用CFD(Computational Fluid Dynamics)稳态κ-ε湍流模型和被动标量的输运方程模拟了模型内外的流场和CO浓度场.结果表明:① 在相同高度条件下,交叉口处与处于下风向的街区内CO浓度明显高于其他街区;②风向对污染物的输运起决定性作用,在不同高度平面内CO浓度最大值均出现在平行风向的街区内;③外部大气湍流的驱动使得垂直风向的街区内产生强烈涡旋,涡旋的输运作用导致相同高度下上风向CO浓度较高;④交叉口处气流的掺混导致气流速度降低,使得平行风向的街区内CO可以向两侧垂直风向的街区内扩散,起到了稀释交叉口处地面附近CO浓度的作用.模拟结果与风洞实验结果符合较好,验证了方法的可靠性.      

许昌市街道灰尘重金属含量及其粒径效应

对许昌市街道灰尘样品进行了重金属含量和粒度测试,研究了重金属在各粒径上的富集规律及其原因。结果表明:许昌市街道灰尘主要以粉砂为主(平均为57.62%),砂粒次之(平均值为25.18%),粘粒含量最少(平均值为17.21%)。街道灰尘中Cr、Cu、Zn、Pb、Mn、Ni和Co含量范围分别为60.9—277.4μg?g~(-1)、15.5—116.4μg?g~(-1)、76.5—398.7μg?g~(-1)、25.1—63.7μg?g~(-1)、356—519μg?g~(-1)、9.0—25.6μg?g~(-1)和7.9—10.4μg?g~(-1),平均值分别为96.8±42.7μg?g~(-1)、35.4±23.8μg?g~(-1)、145.3±67.2μg?g~(-1)、41.9±10.4μg?g~(-1)、408±35.7μg?g~(-1)、18.5±4.1μg?g~(-1)和9.0±0.7μg?g~(-1)。Zn、Pb、Cu和Cr的平均值均高于土壤背景值,分别为背景值的2.42倍、2.14倍、1.80倍和1.52倍,污染较重。而Mn、Ni和Co值富集程度较低,污染较轻。研究发现,Cu、Pb、Zn和Cr与50—100μm粗粉砂相关性显著,Mn和Ni与10—50μm细粉砂相关性较高,但其含量并未随着粒径的进一步减小而增强;而Co与10μm的粘粒组分相关性较强,其粒径效应明显。街道灰尘中不同重金属含量粒径效应的不同可能与重金属的吸附作用和同晶替换作用的相对强弱有关。     

天津城市道路灰尘重金属污染特征

以天津城市道路灰尘重金属为研究对象,按照环线分布将天津市中心城区划分为内环以内、内环-中环、中环以外3个区域,总共设置93个采样点。对表层灰尘进行采样收集,预处理后测定样品的理化性质,采用原子吸收光谱仪测定道路灰尘中重金属Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni和Pb的含量,进而分析天津市道路灰尘重金属的含量水平,运用ArcGIS软件中的地统计分析方法内插得出其空间分布特征,通过Pearson相关分析和主成分分析判析重金属来源。研究结果表明：道路灰尘颗粒粒径表现为双峰,主峰对应粒径较小,且为非正态分布,大量小粒径颗粒的存在使重金属含量增高;市区和各环区有机质变异系数较大,道路灰尘中有机质的空间分布差异较大,因而人为因素影响广泛;市区道路灰尘中重金属 Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni 和 Pb的平均含量依次为0.99、121.41、100.62、43.35和61.48 mg·kg-1,分别为天津土壤环境背景值的11.00倍、1.44倍、3.49倍、1.30倍和2.93倍;Cd、Cr和Cu的空间分布差异较大,Ni和Pb的空间分布差异较小;Pearson相关分析表明Pb-有机质（P＜0.05）, Cu-Ni（P＜0.01）和Cr-Cu（P＜0.05）之间存在显著正相关关系,主成分分析人为因素的积累贡献率为33.050%,自然因素的积累贡献率为57.315%,因此得出重金属受人为因素影响较大,交通尾气排放和工业污染为天津道路灰尘重金属污染的重要来源,且以多因子复合影响为主。     

不同结构形状的街道峡谷内污染物扩散

针对不同的城市街道峡谷结构形状,通过求解二维不可压缩N-S方程和K-ε湍流模型方程及污染物对流扩散方程,数值模拟了街道峡谷内的流场及机动车排放污染物浓度场,从而说明了街道峡谷的结构是影响街道峡谷内污染气体扩散的主要因素之一。     

西安城市不同功能区街道灰尘磁学特征及环境污染分析

为了解西安城市不同功能区的环境现状,通过采集西安城市不同功能区街道灰尘的样品,进行系统的环境磁学实验分析并结合扫描电子显微镜研究表明,街道灰尘中磁性矿物含量相对较高,多畴和假单畴的低矫顽力软磁性矿物为主要的载磁矿物,还含有赤铁矿等高矫顽力的硬磁性矿物.磁化率、饱和等温剩磁、低矫顽力软磁性矿物和非磁滞剩磁磁化率与饱和等温剩磁比值等磁性参数揭示出街道灰尘的磁学特征在西安城市不同功能区的差异以及污染的主要来源,根据污染程度划分为重度污染区、中度污染区和轻度污染区并对应西安市7个城市功能区:浐灞生态区(F区)为重度污染区,磁性物质含量较高,表明环境污染相对较重,污染的主要来源为"工业+交通";高新技术产业开发区(A区)和中心商务区(B区)磁性物质含量相对较高,粗颗粒物质相对较少,是中度污染的区域,其污染源分别为"工业"和"交通";经济技术开发区(C区)、科教商业区(D区)、科教文化产业区(E区)和教育科技产业区(G区)城市主要功能具有相似性,是轻度污染的区域,污染源主要为"交通".     

我国城市街道灰尘中重金属的成分分析

收集了国内39个大中城市的3 720个城市街道灰尘重金属数据,通过描述性分析、评价分析、聚类分析和功能分异分析,初步确定了我国大中城市街道灰尘中重金属的成分及其污染程度。结果表明,我国城市街道灰尘中As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb、Zn的平均赋存量分别为17.82mg/kg、3.67 mg/kg、152.85 mg/kg、143.58 mg/kg、0.66 mg/kg、46.74mg/kg、220.88 mg/kg、602.30 mg/kg,且变化幅度较大,呈偏态分布。除As、Cr、Hg外,其余重金属均低于国外相应平均值。富集系数、Nemerrow指数、地质累积指数和潜在生态危害指数评价表明,污染最为严重的重金属是Cd、Hg、Pb。39个城市中,铜陵、广州、株洲、湘潭、惠州、韶关属于Cd-Hg-Pb-Zn-Cu极严重污染型,南京、上海、北京、芜湖、沈阳、香港、石家庄、杭州、合肥、乌鲁木齐等15个城市属于Cd极严重污染,成都、金华、镇江属于Pb-Zn-Cu强度污染型,其余15个城市的其他重金属为一般中度污染型。南方片区城市街道灰尘重金属污染整体比北方片区严重,中小城市的Cd、Hg、Cu、Zn等污染比特大城市严重,Pb、Cr则相反。城市街道灰尘重金属污染按功能区从高到低为工业区、居民区、商业区、风景区。     

动态风场及交通流量下街道峡谷内污染物扩散模拟

根据现场实测数据,应用标准k-ε模型研究了动态风场及交通流量下三维街道峡谷内的污染物扩散规律,数值模拟利用CFD软件FLUENT,其中动态风场和车流量变化信息通过用户自定义编程实现.结果发现,动态风场下空气在街道内部不断经历膨胀和压缩的过程,街道峡谷内部流场形态时刻都在变化;当风速由大变小时,空气膨胀出街谷,流型呈近似椭圆形分布;当风速由小变大时,空气压缩在街谷内部,流型呈近似圆形分布.风速的不断变化引起街谷内、外大气的压缩和膨胀过程,这种过程能够改善街谷内污染物的扩散情况.背风面行人高度处,动态来流下的平均污染物浓度要比定常来流下低17.7%;迎风面行人高度处,动态来流下的平均污染物浓度要比定常来流下低27.1%.动态环境下污染物浓度的分布和峰值由风场和车流量变化共同决定.     

The performance evaluation of WinOSPM model for urban street canyons of Nantes in France

Air quality modelling is primarily the quantative approach. It is more difficult as it demands input data accuracy, uncertainties and the efficient methodologies to judge the extent of models accuracy. As a result, model validation has to be regarded as an integral part of the modelling process. Furthermore, models are often validated on a limited number of testcases therefore, appropriate evaluation procedure must be implemented to ensure these models will be applicable for various conditions. The study presented here was carried out to evaluate theWinOSPM (Preliminary version of windows based Operational Street Pollution Model) for air pollutants viz. CO, NO, NO₂, NO_x and C₆H₆ for three street canyons of Nantes (France) and for the three base years 1999, 2000, and 2001. Each street canyon selected for this study has typical and unidentical features. The rue de Strasbourg and Boulevard Victor Hugo have many building exceptions whereas rue Crébillon has not any. Application of the model above to the three street canyons revealed that WinOSPM could be used in the case when measurements are not available. This was justified from the results at rue Crébillon. The special interest was in the benzene modelled values as its content in fuel has been targeted to reduce to 1% for the years 2000 and onwards (from its 5% until the year 1999). The 50 to 70% reduction in the benzene concentrations is found for both the years i.e. in 2000 and 2001. This has further justified that air quality models are useful and interesting tools in optimising emission reduction strategies. Moreover, it is also the new pollutant added to the measurement campaign of Air Pays de la Loire (APL) for the city of Nantes. For benzene weekly averages are estimated from the hourly-modelled values for all the streets and compared with that of measurements. They are found in excellent agreement with each others. For other pollutants annual means and percentiles were compared. The statistical analysis was done to evaluate the models performance using index of agreement and correlation coefficient. The index of agreement (d) and correlation coefficient (r) for all the streets show that estimated concentration levels are in good agreement with that of measurements. From the index of agreements, it can be inferred that model has very less potential for errors. The models sensitivity to building-exceptions was also tested for the rue de Strasbourg. Results did not reflect this feature very well. It is perceived that the influence of this feature might have been suppressed in averaging the annual hourly values. This influence is apparently seen in hourly average time series variations. Finally, WinOSPM model was found a simple but very useful model. It could very well represent the detailed flow and dispersion conditions in urban streets.     

Field Study of Wind and Traffic to Test a Street Canyon Pollution Model

In the U.K., local authorities have new duties to review and assess air quality. Dispersion models are important tools in this process. The performance of a street canyon model, AEOLIUS, in calculating carbon monoxide (CO) concentrations in urban areas is discussed. A field experiment was conducted in a busy street canyon in Leek, Staffordshire. Wind speed and direction were measured at three heights adjacent to the street. The canyon's CO concentrations and traffic counts were recorded. Predicted concentrations of CO, calculated using AEOLIUS, were compared with the observed values. The concept of a roof-top wind is discussed, as are the consequences of using wind measurements from outside the town. Choice of wind measurement location and height of the anemometer above the canyon had a pronounced effect on calculating the roof-top wind. Two methods of deriving a street level wind speed from a roof-top wind speed gave results that differ by up to a factor of two. AEOLIUS had variable skill at predicting CO concentrations depending on the roof-top wind direction: possible reasons for this variability are explored. A sensitivity study of the model showed that vehicle emissions have the greatest impact on predicted concentrations. Implications for local air quality management are discussed.     

The Effect of Large-Scale Turbulent Structures on a Simple 2-D Canyon-Type Flow

This paper is concerned with a preliminary experimental investigation of the interaction between large turbulent structures, generated in the wake of a circular cylinder, and the rough-wall turbulent boundary layer separated flow immediately downstream of a simple street canyon type geometry represented by backward-facing step. The motivation for the work was to provide some initial data for the validation of a 3-D k- turbulence model used for the prediction of flows and pollutant dispersion within the urban canopy. The aim has been to assess the extent of the perturbation of a simulated street canyon caused by regular large-scale eddies generated upstream. The research has involved the use of thermal anemometry to determine mean velocity and turbulence characteristics both upstream and downstream of the step, together with the mean reacttachment length for the recirculating flow. The results indicate that the presence of the cylinder in the flow reduces the reattachment length. In addition, the periodic structures generated in the cylinder wake are rapidly mixed with the turbulence in the step shear layer such that no periodicity is detected at the reattachment zone.