城市街道地表物特性分析

通过对城市街道地表物的收集、处理、分析和典型降水的径流冲刷实测,全面探究了城市街道地表物的分布、累积和冲刷规律,并对其污染物的含量和污染物总量进行了定量计算。为现代城市非点源污染截污处理和环境综合整治提供了理论和实践依据。     

上海城市街道峡谷道路绿化模式研究

街道峡谷在上海城市中普遍存在,街道峡谷中污染气体的扩散受到屋顶风向、风速、高宽比、峡谷两侧建筑物的对称性、高度分布和街区形状等因素的影响。文章对适合于不同街道峡谷形式的、较为典型的道路绿化模式进行了研究。结果表明,上海城市街道峡谷中的道路绿化模式可归纳为:梯级递进式、斑块复合式、疏朗开敞式、模纹花镜式和独立行道树式5种。当街道峡谷与主导风垂直:(1)街道峡谷的W/H>5且为平行型峡谷时,绿化模式应采用梯级递进式或疏朗开敞式;(2)街道峡谷的W/H为0.6～5且为平行型峡谷时,绿化模式在迎风侧采用流朗开敞式、背风侧采用模纹花镜式,或者两侧都采用模纹花镜式;(3)街道峡谷的W/H<0.6且为平行型峡谷时,绿化模式应采用模纹花镜式或独立行道树式;(4)街道峡谷的W/H<0.6且为递升型峡谷时,绿化模式在迎风侧采用斑块复合式或模纹花镜式,背风侧采用模纹花镜式或独立行道树式;(5)街道峡谷的W/H<0.6且为递降型峡谷时,绿化模式可采用模纹花镜式或独立行道树式;当街道峡谷与主风向平行:宽、高比大的街道绿化模式应采用梯级递进式或斑块复合式,当街道峡谷的高度是宽度的倍数时,道路绿化宜采用疏朗开敞式或独立行道树式。     

The Modelling of Turbulence from Traffic in Urban Dispersion Models — Part I: Theoretical Considerations

The modelling of pollutant dispersion at the street scale in an urban environment requires the knowledge of turbulence generated by the traffic motion in streets. In this paper, a theoretical framework to estimate mechanical turbulence induced by traffic in street canyons at low wind speed conditions is established. The standard deviation of the velocity fluctuations is adopted as a measure of traffic-produced turbulence (TPT). Based on the balance between turbulent kinetic energy production and dissipation, three different parameterisations for TPT suitable for different traffic flow conditions are derived and discussed. These formulae rely on the calculations of constants that need to be estimated on the basis of experimental data. One such estimate has been made with the help of a wind tunnel data set corresponding to intermediate traffic densities, which is the most common regime, with interacting vehicle wakes.     

城市高架道路对局地大气环境影响的数值模拟研究

根据城市高架和街道的布局与几何特点,设计了多种典型的街道峡谷模型。应用k-ε湍流模型和污染物浓度扩散方程,采用数值模拟技术预测了这些带高架的城市街道峡谷内湍流流场和污染物浓度场。研究表明,高架道路的存在改变了街道峡谷内大气的流动结构和汽车排放污染物的传输扩散特性。高架道路空间位置的布设及高架与街道建筑物间的间隙,对城市街道峡谷的局地大气环境有显著影响。因此,在确定布设高架位置和设计规划街道布局时,应尽量避免引起“盖子效应”而造成严重的地面局地大气污染。     

Street canyon ventilation and atmospheric turbulence

Operational models for pollutant dispersion in urban areas require an estimate of the turbulent transfer between the street canyons and the overlying atmospheric flow. To date, the mechanisms that govern this process remain poorly understood. We have studied the mass exchange between a street canyon and the atmospheric flow above it by means of wind tunnel experiments. Fluid velocities were measured with a Particle Image Velocimetry system and passive scalar concentrations were measured using a Flame Ionisation Detector. The mass-transfer velocity between the canyon and the external flow has been estimated by measuring the cavity wash-out time. A two-box model, used to estimate the transfer velocity for varying dynamical conditions of the external flow, has been used to interpret the experimental data. This study sheds new light on the mechanisms which drive the ventilation of a street canyon and illustrates the influence of the external turbulence on the transfer process.     

Giving parks back to people: a transportation study of New Orleans City Park with implications for improving public health

Park planning, once at the root of the profession during the nineteenth century, can again provide cities with a means to improve public health through restricting access to automobiles. This intercept study, conducted in New Orleans City Park, found that two-thirds of users support weekend street closures to automobiles. Widespread support (63%) exists even among the 72% of people who arrived by automobile. This study also found measurable stated benefits from restricting car access. For more than 53% of the sample that stated that they would walk more in a car-free zone, respondents noted that they would walk nearly 30?min more per month. These findings suggest that planners and policy-makers have a cost-effective option to improve cities and public health – taming the automobile in urban parks.     

泉州市街道灰尘中重金属来源分析

用ICP-MS测定了泉州市不同功能区街道灰尘中11种重金属元素(Cr、Fe、Mn、Ni、Cu、Zn、Cd、Sb、Pb、Bi、Co)的含量。结果表明,上述元素的平均含量均高于当地土壤背景值,尤以Zn、Cd、Sb、Pb富集较严重。多元统计分析(相关分析、因子分析、聚类分析)结果显示,泉州市街道灰尘中上述重金属来源可分为三大类:Cu、Pb、Sb、Cd、Bi主要来自机械加工和交通污染;Mn、Zn主要来自农药喷洒和生活污染;Fe、Cr、Ni、Co则主要来自钢铁工业污染和自然源。     

煤炭资源型城市街尘重金属污染特征及其生态风险——以宿州市为例

为了解煤炭资源型城市宿州市街尘重金属污染特征和生态风险,对23个采样点进行了12个月的连续采样。利用X射线荧光光谱分析仪对采集到的276个街尘样品进行了Cr、Cu、Mn、Pb、V和Zn等重金属含量检测。结果表明:Cr、Cu、Mn、Pb、V和Zn均值含量分别为112.9、27.5、410.3、45.2、75.6和225.3 mg/kg,除Mn和V外,其他四种重金属均超过土壤背景值。地累积指数评价结果表明,Cu、Mn和V无污染,而Cr和Pb为无污染至中度污染,Zn为中度污染。6种重金属各月份的污染负荷指数介于1~2之间,污染等级为无污染至中度污染。尽管单个重金属及6种重金属联合所致的潜在生态风险均为轻微生态风险等级,但空间分析结果表明,潜在生态风险指数的高值区一般多分布在人为活动较频繁的地段,说明重金属含量及其生态风险明显受人为活动影响。同时,风向风速对街尘重金属含量和时空变化也有重要影响。     

Rayleigh波在饱和半空间中凹陷地形周围的散射

饱和场地中波的传播同单相介质情况具有显著的差异。基于Biot固液两相介质理论,采用间接边界积分方程法,求解了Rayleigh波在饱和半空间中凹陷地形周围的二维散射问题。由分布在凹陷表面附近的虚拟波源构造散射波场,由边界条件确定虚拟波源的密度。总波场由自由波场和散射波场叠加而得。通过详细的参数分析,研究了入射波频率、边界渗透条件、孔隙率、凹陷形状等因素对Rayleigh波散射的影响,得出了一些有益的结论。     

北京市城乡环境梯度下街尘中重金属污染特征

街尘是引起城镇面源污染分布最为广泛、最重要的污染物载体.以城乡环境梯度为出发点,以北京地区的中心城区-城中村-郊区区县-乡镇-农村村庄的街尘为研究对象,并对街尘的粒径进行分级,分析城乡环境梯度下街尘的单位面积质量、粒径组成的分异规律和街尘的重金属含量及赋存形态,揭示城乡环境梯度对街尘及其负载的中重金属污染的影响和街尘中重金属污染的粒径效应,以期为我国城市化进程中街尘的源头控制和分层次管理提供科学依据.结果表明,街尘中Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn这5种重金属浓度以中心城区最高,农村村庄最低,单位面积街尘量则相反.街尘中Ni、Pb、Zn的弱酸可提取态比例较高(19.1%、11.1%、34.8%),Cr和Cu则相对较低(3.7%、2.1%).粒径<105μm街尘对重金属总量的贡献率(32.4%～62.4%)要大于其所占总质量比例(22.9%～49.6%).对重金属污染在不同城乡环境梯度可采取不同的控制策略:中心城区和郊区区县可加强细粒径冲刷的关注,而农村村庄和城中村则需加强环境卫生管理与改善道路清扫方式和频率.