污泥在堆肥及油污土壤修复中重金属形态的研究

污泥堆肥工艺是实现污泥减量化,无害化和资源化的重要手段。文章考察了污泥在堆肥前后四类重金属(铜、锌、铅和镉)形态的变化。结果显示,铜、锌、铅和镉在堆肥前后的总量变化不大,Cu、Zn主要以有机结合态和残渣态形式存在,而Pb、Cd主要以残渣态形式存在。堆肥处理过程中可交换态重金属都呈下降趋势,但各种重金属的可交换态变化幅度不同,以Zn和Cd下降幅度最大,Zn的可交换态由堆肥前的10.5%下降到堆肥后的4.8%;Cd的可交换态从堆肥前的3.2%下降到堆肥后的1.8%,下降比例超过和接近50%。随着向土壤中添加污泥及堆肥量的增加,小麦植株地上和地下部分重金属含量也相应增加,且地下部分含量高于地上部分,小麦中重金属含量在地下部与地上部之间的比值恒定,特别是Pd,Cd的地上和地下部分浓度比可分别达到130和15～20,经堆肥处理的污泥可以降低小麦对其中重金属的吸收。将污泥及堆肥腐熟品添加至石油污染土壤中,与对照相比土壤中的石油烃含量有一定幅度的下降,最大下降幅度为19.6%。处理一个月后重金属含量及其形态变化不大,Zn具有向铁锰氧化态转化的趋势。     

全程高温好氧堆肥快速降解城市生活垃圾

为了提高堆肥处理城市生活垃圾（MSW）的速率和质量,设计了一种外加热源的全程高温好氧堆肥工艺.实验以全程高温好氧堆肥和传统好氧堆肥两种方法对MSW进行了60d的堆肥处理.同时,监测了堆肥的pH和温度等参数的变化情况,并以C/N、种子发芽率(GI)、可溶性有机碳(DOC)、比好氧速率(SOUR)和脱氢酶（DH-ase）活性为指标评价了堆肥的腐熟度和质量.结果表明,全程高温堆肥法和传统堆肥法的堆肥周期分别为16d和28d,两种方法得到的产品其pH值均在7左右.在第31d将全程高温堆肥产品置于30℃恒温箱时,其理化性质没有出现明显波动,说明其堆肥产品性质稳定.因此,全程高温好氧堆肥法能明显缩短堆肥周期、提高堆肥质量,具有很大的应用潜力.     

Nitrogen-retaining property of compost in an aerobic thermophilic composting reactor for the sanitary disposal of human feces

Aerobic composting is a method for the sanitary disposal of human feces as is used in bio-toilet systems. As the products of composting can be utilized as a fertilizer, it would be beneficial if the composting conditions could be more precisely controlled for the retention of fecal nitrogen as long as possible in the compost. In this study, batch experiments were conducted using a closed aerobic thermophilic composting reactor with sawdust as the bulk matrix to simulate the condition of a bio-toilet for the sanitary disposal of human feces. Attention was paid to the characteristics of nitrogen transformation. Under the controlled conditions of temperature at 60°C, moisture content at 60%,anda continuous air supply, more than 70% fecal organic removal was obtained, while merely 17% fecal nitrogen loss was observed over a two-week composting period. The nitrogen loss was found to occur mainly in the first 24 h with the rapid depletion of inorganic nitrogen but with an almost unchanged organic nitrogen content. The fecal NH₄-N which was the main component of the inorganic nitrogen ( > 90%) decreased rapidly in the first day, decreased at a slower rate over the following days, and finally disappeared entirely. The depletion of NH₄-N was accompanied by the accumulation of NH₃ gas in the ammonia absorber connected to the reactor. A mass balance between the exhausted NH₃ gas and the fecal NH₄-N content in the first 24 hours indicated that the conversion of ammonium into gaseous ammonia was the main reason for nitrogen loss. Thermophilic composting could be considered as a way to keep a high organic nitrogen content in the compost for better utilization as a fertilizer.     

堆肥处理对污泥腐殖物质组成和光谱学特征的影响

采用凝胶(Sephadex G-75)色谱、荧光光谱和红外光谱法研究了污泥堆肥的HA和FA在堆制前后的组成与结构特征变化．凝胶色谱分析表明,污泥经过63d堆腐后,HA中大分子组分含量明显提高;而FA则由不同分子量物质组成,其中小分子量物质占主要部分,在堆腐以后,FA中大分子物质含量下降30％,小分子量物质含量则相对增加．同时,荧光光谱、红外光谱的结果表明：随着污泥堆肥的进行,HA中有机物不饱和结构的多聚化或联合程度增大,芳香结构物质含量增加;但经过堆制的FA具有更多的结构简单的低分子量物质和更低的芳构化水平．     

水分调节材料对牛粪堆肥氨气挥发的影响

利用通风式堆肥发酵方式研究了牛粪堆制过程中氨气的挥发特征和锯末、稻壳、稻草等不同水分调节材料对氨气挥发的影响。结果表明,牛粪堆制过程中主要在前期,尤其是在最初的2周内释放氨气;堆肥期间挥发的氨态氮约为牛粪总含氮量的17%～50%。不同水分调节材料都可以在一定程度上抑制氨气的挥发,但锯末抑制氨气挥发效果最好,其次是稻壳,稻草抑制氨气挥发的效果较小。因此,为了减少氮素损失,应采取适当措施抑制氨挥发或回收挥发的氨气。     

河滩包气带中残油静态释放模型研究

通过释放试验,模拟了包气带中残残油在河流中刷及积水浸泡条件下残油和释放过程,讨论了温度对释放的影响,建立释放模型,并得到释放速率常数。结果表明残油释放由初始快速和随后的慢速两个过程组成。     

通风速率对烟草废料堆肥腐熟及元素变化影响

以烟草废料为原料堆肥,设置不同的通风速率,通过对堆肥中温度、营养元素和腐殖质等指标变化的研究,揭示了通风速率对堆肥腐熟和主要元素变化的影响。结果表明,通风速率为0.1和0.2 m3/(h·m3)的处理的高温期持续时间在5 d以上,满足堆肥无害化卫生标准要求,堆肥积温以0.2 m3/(h·m3)的处理最高;堆肥结束时,通风速率为0.2和0.3 m3/(h·m3)处理的总碳含量降低率、总氮含量增加率及NO3--N含量增幅均强于0.1 和0.4 m3/(h·m3)的通风处理,且两处理的NH4+-N含量至堆肥结束时降至400 mg/kg阈值以下;通风速率为0.2 m3/(h·m3)的处理的终产品的腐殖化质数为1.91,达到腐熟阈值1.90。综合以上结果表明,0.2 m3/(h·m3)的通风速率较适于烟草废料堆肥腐熟和营养转化。     

成都市可持续发展水平空间分布特征

本文通过对成都市 8县 4市 3区的可持续发展静态指数计算 ,定量地表达了成都市各区县目前可持续发展状况的对比关系 ,分析造成这种格局的原因并提出相应对策     

Degradation of Polylactic Acid (PLA) Plastic in Costa Rican Soil and Iowa State University Compost Rows

In this study the degradation of polylactic acid (PLA) plastic films in Costa Rican soil and in a leaf composting environment was investigated. Three types of PLA films were used: Ch-I, (PLA monolayer plastic films from Chronopol, Golden, CO), GII (PLA trilayer plastic films from Cargill Dow Polymers LLC, Minnetonka, MN), and Ca-I (PLA monolayer plastic films from Cargill Dow Polymers LLC). The average soil temperature and moisture content in Costa Rica were 27°C and 80%, respectively. The average degradation rate of PLA plastic films in the soil of the banana field was 7675 M _w/week. Two compost rows were set up at the Iowa State University (ISU) (Ames) compost site. Temperature and relative humidity of the compost rows were kept at 55 ± 5°C and 50 ± 10% RH, respectively. The degradation rates of GII and Ca-I in the compost rows were 113,290 and 71,283 M _w/week, respectively. Therefore, it was estimated that in Costa Rican soil and in compost rows, PLA would be visibly degraded in 6 months and in 3 weeks, respectively.