在模拟酸性海洋大气环境中锌缓蚀剂的研制

目的寻找有效抑制锌大气腐蚀的缓蚀剂配方。方法采用静态失重法、极化曲线法和交流阻抗法,研究模拟酸性海洋大气环境中,多聚磷酸钠单独使用以及分别与香草醛、碘化钾、硫脲复配使用时对锌腐蚀的缓蚀作用。结果多聚磷酸钠单独使用时对腐蚀介质中的锌具有较好的缓蚀作用,多聚磷酸钠与香草醛、碘化钾、硫脲之间有良好的协同缓蚀效应,最佳质量配比分别为3∶1,1∶2,1∶4。多聚磷酸钠以及多聚磷酸钠复配缓蚀剂属于混合抑制型缓蚀剂;它们能够在锌表面形成一层保护膜,从而抑制锌的腐蚀。结论寻找到的缓蚀剂配方能够有效抑制锌的大气腐蚀。     

Place,human agency and community resilience – considerations for public health management of smoke from prescribed burning

Prescribed burning is now a widely accepted bushfire hazard management strategy. While evidence points to reduced levels of public health harm compared to severe bushfire, smoke created by planned burns remains a community concern with need for evidence-based public health management. Findings are presented from an Australian study of community experiences of prescribed burns, associated smoke, and public health communications. We find that “place” influences how information is received and used for the management of the effects of planned burns; and that this is significant for human agency and community resilience. We provide recommendations for public health management.     

不同外热功率下18650锂离子电池热失控特性*

为探究不同外热功率（220,170,120,70 W）下锂离子电池的热失控特性,采用动压变温实验舱作为燃爆实验舱,并利用量热仪和ISO-9705烟气分析仪监测特征参数,对荷电状态（SOC）为100%的18650型锂离子电池进行高温热失控实验。结果表明:在不同的外热功率条件下,锂离子电池进入热失控的过程呈现出相似的趋势,但是各阶段的特性却存在差异。池体表面中心温度、HRR,THR和耗氧量均随外热功率的降低而降低。高外热功率下燃爆响应时间点明显提前,池体温度更高,220 W外热功率下,燃爆响时间点为176 s,池体温度为720.6 ℃,比70 W时提前366 s,高210.03 ℃,可见高外热功率时,电池热危害性更高。热解烟气CO的峰值体积百分比浓度随着外热功率的降低而升高,而CxHy的峰值质量百分比浓度降低,,CO2的峰值体积百分比浓度降低。在70 W外热功率时,CO峰值体积百分比浓度高达0.322%,220 W时CO峰值体积百分比浓度仅为0.165%,说明低外热功率时,电池毒危害性更高。     

浅谈室内环境污染问题

介绍中国室内环境污染问题的现状、治理室内环境污染的法律依据和室内空气质量标准,阐述了室内环境中的主要污染物(甲醛、苯、挥发性有机化合物等)对人体健康产生的危害,分析了室内环境污染物的主要来源,并从增强人们的环保意识、防止室内环境污染、正确理解环保产品等方面提出了建议和对策,归纳了室内环境污染后的治理方法和治理效果,其中治理方法包括感觉脱臭法、化学反应法、吸附法和生物法。这对提高人们认识室内环境污染对人体健康的影响以及降低污染所造成的危害具有重要意义。     

几种典型有害化学品对水生生物的急性毒性

采用水体中3个营养级别的水生生物（绿藻、水Sou和鱼）测试卤代酚类、硝基苯类、烷基苯类典型有毒有害化学品对水生生物的急性毒性，同时对上述物质对水生生物的安全性进行初步评估，并预测了上述物质对水生生物的环境安全浓度，研究结果表明，在3类12种有机污染物中，卤代酚类物质对水生生物的毒性最强，其中五氯苯酚对水生生物具有极高毒性。在3个营养级别的受试生物中，剑尾鱼对上述毒物具有较好的敏感性，结果稳定，重现性好，说明剑尾鱼是一种优良的水生毒性试验材料，图1表3参11。     

Some Interpolation Estimators in Environmental Risk Assessment for Spatially Misaligned Health Data

Ecological regression studies are widely used in geographical epidemiology to assess the relationships between health hazard and putative risk factors. Very often, health data are measured at an aggregate level because of confidentiality restrictions, while putative risk factors are measured on a different grid, i.e., independent (exposure) variable and response (counts) variable are spatially misaligned. To perform a regression of risk on exposure, one needs to realign the spatial support of the variables. Bayesian hierarchical models constitute a natural approach to the problem because of their ability to model the exposure field and the relationship between exposure and relative risk at different levels of the hierarchy, taking proper account of the variability induced by the covariate estimation. In the current paper, we propose two fully Bayesian solutions to the problem. The first one is based on the kernel-smoothing technique, while the second one is built on the tessellation of the study region. We illustrate our methods by assessing the relationship between exposure to uranium in drinkable waters and cancer incidence, in South Carolina (USA).     

猪场废弃物强制通风静态仓堆肥系统的试验研究

通过组织5个猪场废弃物堆肥试验，度量温度、表观性状、体积、重量损失、全氮、全磷、大肠杆菌值、蛔虫卵杀灭率和发芽指数等指标，检验了开发的强制通风静态仓堆肥系统的性能。结果表明，除起始含水率为80％试验堆体因起始含水率过高导致发生厌氧反应外，其余4个堆体均实现堆肥无害化、减量化、稳定化和资源化的处理目标；堆肥温度维持50℃以上5—7d，或55℃以上3d是大肠杆菌值达到国家粪便无害化卫生标准的必要条件；堆肥过程能有效脱除堆料的生物毒性，后腐熟阶段是必需阶段；氮、磷、钾等主要营养元素在堆肥前后呈现“浓缩效应”。因此，堆肥化能提高猪场废弃物肥效和利用价值。     

Hazard identification and risk assessment procedure for genetically modified plants in the field--GMHAZID

The safe application of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) requires a risk assessment prior to their proposed use. Based on methods from the chemical industry, we developed a hazard identification procedure for the risk assessment of field tests with genetically modified plants. This risk assessment method, GMHAZID, is carried out in the form of guided brainstorm sessions. GMHAZID was tested with a case study for which a risk assessment had previously been made, and the results of the assessments were compared. The results showed that some new hazards potentially leading to uncontrolled spreading, in addition to those from the previous assessment, were identified using GMHAZID. GMHAZID also recognised some hazards leading to failures in the field experiments. We suggest that GMHAZID provides systematics, reliability, and transparency to the risk assessment procedure.     

Inherently safer design based on rapid risk analysis

The importance of inherently safer design (ISD) as a strategy to minimize risk of accidents in chemical process industries is being repeatedly stressed in recent years. The increasing number, frequency, and extents of damage caused by such accidents across the world have contributed to this thinking. However even as the need for ISD is being underscored, there are very few reports on precise methods to implement this concept. Significant recent reports are by Berge (1993Berge, 1995)who has suggested a scenariobased design procedure in which construction of accident scenarios in a structured manner is made the basis of ISD. We have been developing and applying the concept of rapid risk analysis ( [Khan & Abbasi, 1995] , [Khan & Abbasi, 1996] , [Khan & Abbasi, 1997a] , [Khan & Abbasi, 1997b] , [Khan & Abbasi, 1998a] and Khan &; Abbasi, 1998b). In this paper we present an approach to ISD utilizing this concept. We believe, as detailed in this paper, that this approach is a significant improvement upon Berge's procedure in terms of ease, speed, and effectiveness.     

焊接作业中尘毒的危害与对策

介绍了焊接作业中有害气体对作业人员身体的危害,同时论述了有害气体烟尘的来源、种类及危害情况,介绍了防护措施。