稻田冬闲期CO2气体排放的观测研究

亚热带红壤稻作区是华中地区的主要生态系统类型,在生态、经济以及社会效益方面都起着非常重要的作用。为了解这一生态区域的碳循环过程的因素和机理,同时为进一步解释农田碳循环过程对温室气体CO2的影响提供科学依据,采用静态箱式法对亚热带红壤性稻田长达约5个月的冬季休闲期(2005年11月—2006年4月)CO2气体排放通量进行了田间原位观测,并结合同步气象资料进行了分析。结果表明:亚热带红壤性稻田冬闲期CO2通量与近地面CO2体积分数的季节变化基本同步,与地面稻田生态系统的CO2通量对大气CO2体积分数的影响60%;CO2通量日变化规律基本为昼吸夜排:白天表现为田间杂草光合作用的结果,受光合有效辐射的影响,CO2通量与光合有效辐射的关系符合对数曲线,相关性达到显著水平;夜晚则以呼吸过程为主,主要受温度的影响,CO2通量与温度呈线性关系,其中气温和5cm地温最适宜用作于描述夜间CO2通量对温度变化的响应的指标。亚热带红壤性稻田生态系统在149d的休闲期内从大气中累积吸碳量(以CO2计)约4.03t·hm-2,表现为大气的碳汇。     

几种典型有害化学品对水生生物的急性毒性

采用水体中3个营养级别的水生生物（绿藻、水Sou和鱼）测试卤代酚类、硝基苯类、烷基苯类典型有毒有害化学品对水生生物的急性毒性，同时对上述物质对水生生物的安全性进行初步评估，并预测了上述物质对水生生物的环境安全浓度，研究结果表明，在3类12种有机污染物中，卤代酚类物质对水生生物的毒性最强，其中五氯苯酚对水生生物具有极高毒性。在3个营养级别的受试生物中，剑尾鱼对上述毒物具有较好的敏感性，结果稳定，重现性好，说明剑尾鱼是一种优良的水生毒性试验材料，图1表3参11。     

Some Interpolation Estimators in Environmental Risk Assessment for Spatially Misaligned Health Data

Ecological regression studies are widely used in geographical epidemiology to assess the relationships between health hazard and putative risk factors. Very often, health data are measured at an aggregate level because of confidentiality restrictions, while putative risk factors are measured on a different grid, i.e., independent (exposure) variable and response (counts) variable are spatially misaligned. To perform a regression of risk on exposure, one needs to realign the spatial support of the variables. Bayesian hierarchical models constitute a natural approach to the problem because of their ability to model the exposure field and the relationship between exposure and relative risk at different levels of the hierarchy, taking proper account of the variability induced by the covariate estimation. In the current paper, we propose two fully Bayesian solutions to the problem. The first one is based on the kernel-smoothing technique, while the second one is built on the tessellation of the study region. We illustrate our methods by assessing the relationship between exposure to uranium in drinkable waters and cancer incidence, in South Carolina (USA).     

猪场废弃物强制通风静态仓堆肥系统的试验研究

通过组织5个猪场废弃物堆肥试验，度量温度、表观性状、体积、重量损失、全氮、全磷、大肠杆菌值、蛔虫卵杀灭率和发芽指数等指标，检验了开发的强制通风静态仓堆肥系统的性能。结果表明，除起始含水率为80％试验堆体因起始含水率过高导致发生厌氧反应外，其余4个堆体均实现堆肥无害化、减量化、稳定化和资源化的处理目标；堆肥温度维持50℃以上5—7d，或55℃以上3d是大肠杆菌值达到国家粪便无害化卫生标准的必要条件；堆肥过程能有效脱除堆料的生物毒性，后腐熟阶段是必需阶段；氮、磷、钾等主要营养元素在堆肥前后呈现“浓缩效应”。因此，堆肥化能提高猪场废弃物肥效和利用价值。     

Hazard identification and risk assessment procedure for genetically modified plants in the field--GMHAZID

The safe application of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) requires a risk assessment prior to their proposed use. Based on methods from the chemical industry, we developed a hazard identification procedure for the risk assessment of field tests with genetically modified plants. This risk assessment method, GMHAZID, is carried out in the form of guided brainstorm sessions. GMHAZID was tested with a case study for which a risk assessment had previously been made, and the results of the assessments were compared. The results showed that some new hazards potentially leading to uncontrolled spreading, in addition to those from the previous assessment, were identified using GMHAZID. GMHAZID also recognised some hazards leading to failures in the field experiments. We suggest that GMHAZID provides systematics, reliability, and transparency to the risk assessment procedure.     

顶空便携气相色谱测定水中苯系物

研究了分配常数、气液相比、温度和无机盐等对顶空分析灵敏度的影响.结果表明,这些参数对不同组分顶空灵敏度的影响有显著差异.气液相比对分配常数小的组分影响大,而温度和无机盐对分配常数大的组分影响大.提出了静态顶空/吸附热解吸/SENTEX便携气相色谱仪/微氩离子检测器测定水中4个苯系物的方法,平均相对标准偏差7.38%,平均相对误差3.46%,与标准方法比较,没有显著差异,而方法检出限低于标准方法1～2数量级.     

Inherently safer design based on rapid risk analysis

The importance of inherently safer design (ISD) as a strategy to minimize risk of accidents in chemical process industries is being repeatedly stressed in recent years. The increasing number, frequency, and extents of damage caused by such accidents across the world have contributed to this thinking. However even as the need for ISD is being underscored, there are very few reports on precise methods to implement this concept. Significant recent reports are by Berge (1993Berge, 1995)who has suggested a scenariobased design procedure in which construction of accident scenarios in a structured manner is made the basis of ISD. We have been developing and applying the concept of rapid risk analysis ( [Khan & Abbasi, 1995] , [Khan & Abbasi, 1996] , [Khan & Abbasi, 1997a] , [Khan & Abbasi, 1997b] , [Khan & Abbasi, 1998a] and Khan &; Abbasi, 1998b). In this paper we present an approach to ISD utilizing this concept. We believe, as detailed in this paper, that this approach is a significant improvement upon Berge's procedure in terms of ease, speed, and effectiveness.     

焊接作业中尘毒的危害与对策

介绍了焊接作业中有害气体对作业人员身体的危害,同时论述了有害气体烟尘的来源、种类及危害情况,介绍了防护措施。     

不确定性校正对地震危险性分析结果的影响

对现行地震危险性分析模型中的不确定性校正方法所涉及到的一些问题进行了讨论．以地震烈度的危险性分析为例,说明危险性曲线的衰减系数及不确定性大小是影响校正结果的主要因素．总的趋势是：对低烈度,校正后危险性有所降低,降低幅度达50％以上;对高烈度,校正后危险性有所提高,提高幅度可达数倍以上。     

山西中部地区地震灾害损失预测

简要分析了山西中部的历史地震灾害,用地震安全性评定的综合概率法计算了每个单元遭遇烈度的概率,并对建筑物类型进行分类,根据各类建筑物的易损性矩阵和不同类型单元的人涡震亡率、震伤率矩阵,计算出各个单元建筑物的期望经济损失和人员伤亡期望绝对值,并对计算结果进行了分析和比较。