2017年7-8月国内生产安全事故统计分析

统计了2017年7-8月国内发生的各种生产安全事故117起,其中包括交通事故、矿业事故、爆炸事故、火灾、毒物泄漏与中毒和其他事故.统计表明,在117起事故中,交通事故占61.54％,矿业事故占4.27％,爆炸事故占5.13％,火灾占4.27％,毒物泄漏与中毒占8.55％,其他事故占16.24％.117起事故共死亡502人.死亡人数的百分比分别为交通事故65.94％,矿业事故4.78％,爆炸事故3.39％,火灾3.39％,毒物泄漏与中毒5.98％,其他事故16.53％.2017年7-8月生产安全事故发生较多的5个省和自治区分别为广东(10起)、内蒙古(8起)、云南(7起)、四川(7起)和山西(6起);死亡人数较多的5个省和自治区分别为广东(57人)、陕西(43人)、内蒙古(31人)、四川(29人)和云南(27人).     

N2和CO2抑制煤燃烧火焰特性对比试验研究

为了研究N_2和CO_2气体灭火剂在抑制煤明火燃烧特性方面的不同,通过搭建受限空间煤明火燃烧试验,分别开展了11.97%、16.81%、20.76%的N_2和10.79%、14.89%、20.32%的CO_2作用下煤明火燃烧抑制试验。鉴于火焰表面积变化与热释放速率变化呈正相关,基于火焰图像分析法开展试验研究。试验过程中,首先,通过数码摄像仪记录不同体积分数惰性气体作用下煤燃烧火焰面积的变化,然后利用Matlab软件进行火焰图像特征提取和"对比度增强"预处理,消除图像记录过程中存在的噪声,以便于有效进行火焰目标识别;其次,基于"阈值法"原理,利用Image-Pro Plus软件对预处理过的火焰目标进行识别和计算,进而实时获得试验过程中火焰表面积;最后,使用小波变换理论对火焰表面积变化曲线进行消噪处理,以获得火焰表面积变化趋势及主要波动信息。结果表明,CO_2比N_2具有更好的熄灭煤明火燃烧的能力,CO_2作用下煤火火焰表面积呈现指数下降,而N_2作用下呈现直线下降,且CO_2的灭火时间比N_2缩短了25%以上。该试验结果明确了N_2和CO_2在熄灭煤明火特性上的不同,弥补了CO_2仅比N_2具有更好的抑爆特性的认识。     

Production,engine performance,combustion, emission characteristics and economic feasibility of biodiesel from waste cooking oil: A review

The depletion of fossil fuel reserves and increasing demands for diesel are considered to be important triggers for many of the initiatives that have been taken to search for possible sources for the production of biodiesel from materials available within the country. It is possible to produce biodiesel from waste/used cooking oils (WCO) that is comparable in quality to that of fresh vegetable oil. Not only does reuse of WCO, which can otherwise harm human health, reduce the burden on the government of treating oily wastewater, disposing of the waste, and maintaining public sewers, it also significantly lowers the production cost of biodiesel. In the process of frying, oil undergoes many reactions, leading to the formation of a number of undesirable compounds, such as polymers, free fatty acids, and many other chemicals. This poses challenges in the transesterification of WCO. This article covers different techniques in the production of biodiesel from WCO. It also compares combustion, emissions, and engine performance characteristics of biodiesel from WCO as well as factors affecting biodiesel production from WCO and its economic feasibility.     

Assessment of Groundwater Depletion and Implications for Management in the Denver Basin Aquifer System

The Denver Basin Aquifer System (DBAS) is a critical groundwater resource along the Colorado Front Range. Groundwater depletion has been documented over the past few decades due to the increased water use among users, presenting long‐term sustainability challenges. A spatiotemporal geostatistical analysis is used to estimate potentiometric surfaces and evaluate groundwater storage changes between 1990 and 2016 in each of the four DBAS aquifers. Several key depletion patterns and spatial water‐level changes emerge in this work. Hydraulic head changes are the largest in the west‐central side of the DBAS and have decreased in some areas by up to 180 m since 1990, while areas to the northwest show increases in hydraulic head by over 30.5 m. The Denver and Arapahoe aquifers show the largest groundwater storage losses, with the highest rates occurring in the 2000s. The results highlight uncertainty in the volumetric predictions under various storage coefficient calculations and emphasize the importance of representative aquifer characterization. The observed groundwater storage depletions are due to a combination of factors, which include population growth increasing the demand for water, variable precipitation, and drought influencing recharge, and increased groundwater pumping. The methods applied in this study are transferable to other groundwater systems and provide a framework that can help assess groundwater depletion and inform management decisions at other locations.     

全绿吊兰茎叶系统净化室内甲醛及其生理指标变化

为了对全绿吊兰盆栽茎叶系统净化室内空气甲醛污染的效率及其叶片各生理指标的变化特征进行全面研究,采用动态熏蒸系统在甲醛环境下对全绿吊兰进行长达7 d的熏蒸处理,分析盆栽茎叶系统在不同时间段内对空气中甲醛的去除率及熏蒸后叶片的生理变化特性.结果表明,全绿吊兰盆栽茎叶系统在φ（甲醛）为1×10-6、5×10-6及8×10-6时对空气中甲醛的平均去除率分别为54.4%、48.2%和30.7%,并且白天的去除率（71.1%±0.2%）明显高于夜间（36.2%±0.2%）,下午的去除率（60.0%±0.0%）高于上午（50.7%±0.1%）,熏蒸后期的去除率（57.0%±0.2%）高于前期（51.9%±0.3%）.对熏蒸后全绿吊兰盆栽叶片的生理指标测定结果表明,与对照组相比,除了叶片中w（叶绿素）和CAT活性下降外,其余生理指标均表现为上升,其中,电导率和H₂O₂含量的变化最大,φ（甲醛）为8×10-6时分别提高了165.8%和522.2%,而抗氧化酶总活性的增强有效地清除了积累的氧化物,维持了全绿吊兰盆栽的正常生长.另外,经过8×10-6的甲醛熏蒸后,与对照组相比,叶片表面气孔形态变得更加细小狭长甚至完全闭合,但是全绿吊兰盆栽的茎叶外观并无明显受损症状,而且叶片中MDA含量与T-AOC活性在熏蒸后15 d时基本能恢复至正常水平.研究显示,全绿吊兰盆栽对甲醛具有较高的去除能力且有较强的抗耐性及自愈能力,其叶片中各项生理指标的变化则反映了全绿吊兰盆栽与甲醛之间的相互反应机制.      

典型畜禽粪污中雌激素排放特征

为探究畜禽粪污中雌激素的排放水平和分布特征,采用固相萃取-高效液相色谱串联质谱（SPE-HPLC-MS/MS）分析方法,对上海市典型畜禽养殖类型（猪、奶牛、鸡）排放粪污样品中雌激素含量进行测定.结果表明:猪场粪便、沼渣肥、还田土壤、尿液和沼液样品中5种雌激素（E1,雌酮;E2,雌二醇;E3,雌三醇;EE2,炔雌醇;DES,己烯雌酚）总量分别为94.5 ng/g、35.1 ng/g、0.1 ng/g和8 882.2 ng/L、4 388.6 ng/L,其中E1是排泄物中最主要的雌激素;奶牛场粪便、堆肥、还田土壤、尿液、污水进水及出水样品中雌激素总量分别为84.6 ng/g、16.2 ng/g、0.1 ng/g和2 636.7 ng/L、2 605.6 ng/L、615.7 ng/L,其中E1和E2含量最高;鸡场粪便和堆肥样品中雌激素总量分别为60.9和17.5 ng/g.研究显示,猪场、奶牛场和鸡场排泄物中均含有一定数量的天然和人工合成雌激素,雌激素含量水平总体表现为粪便高于有机肥、尿液高于污水;通过畜禽粪污向环境中排放的雌激素总量表现为猪场>奶牛场>鸡场;厌氧发酵对猪场污水中雌激素具有一定的去除效果,而污水厌氧-好氧净化处理和固体粪高温好氧堆肥对奶牛场排泄物中雌激素具有较高的去除效果.      

A review of atmospheric benzene homologues in China: Characterization, health risk assessment, source identification and countermeasures

Benzene homologues are important chemical precursors to the formation of ground-level ozone and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) in the atmosphere, in addition, some toxic species are harmful to human health. Strict countermeasures have been taken to fight air pollution since 2013, and total amount control of volatile organic compounds is being promoted in China at present. Therefore, it is important to understand the pollution situation and the control status of ambient benzene homologues in China. This paper reviews research progress from published papers on pollution characteristics, atmospheric photochemical reactivity, health risk assessment and source identification of ambient benzene homologues in recent years in China, and also summarizes policies and countermeasures for the control of ambient benzene homologues and the relevant achievements. The total ambient levels of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes (BTEX) shows a declining tendency from 2001 to 2016 in China. The mass concentrations of BTEX are generally higher in southern regions than in northern regions, and they present vertical decreasing variation characteristics with increasing altitude within the height range of about 5500 m. Toluene has the highest ozone formation potential and SOA formation potential both in urban areas and background areas, while benzene poses an obvious carcinogenic risk to the exposed adult populations in urban areas. Source identification of ambient benzene homologues suggested that local governments should adopt differentiated control strategies for ambient benzene homologues. Several recommendations are put forward for future research and policy-making on the control of ambient benzene homologues in China.     

2016—2019年长江流域水质时空分布特征

为掌握“十三五”以来长江流域的水环境质量时序变化和空间分布特征,基于国家生态环境监测网2016—2019年长江流域615个可比断面监测数据,从流域主要污染特征、主要超标指标浓度时空变化等方面分析了长江流域水质变化情况.结果表明:2016—2019年,长江流域水质总体好转.依据GB 3838—2002《地表水环境质量标准》评价,Ⅰ~Ⅲ类水质断面比例上升7.2百分点,劣Ⅴ类下降2.8百分点.TP、NH₃-N和COD是长江流域的主要超标指标,2019年三者的浓度较2016年分别下降了28.3%、35.0%和8.0%;从流域不同级别河流来看,三者浓度在干流均为最低;从干流来看,三者浓度较高的断面主要分布在长江中游;TP和COD污染主要来自面源,NH₃-N主要来自点源.研究期间,TP对长江流域水环境污染贡献最大,其断面超标率一直排在首位.针对流域水质分布特征,建议继续加强流域内TP防控,重点加强中游污染治理;同时,优化流域产业结构,进一步改善流域水质和生态环境质量.      

降水量与城市大气环境关系——以113个环保重点城市为例

为研究降水量与大气污染物之间的关系,依据2017年全国113个环保重点城市大气质量数据,得出城市聚类空间分布规律及两者之间线性拟合方程。基于南北降水量分布特性与城市空气污染指数,采用模糊聚类法对具有不同亲疏程度的城市进行类别划分,运用Spearman相关性与拟合方程对大气污染特征值与降水量进行分析。结果表明：随着聚类种数增多,城市聚集在空间分布上由“环环相套”发展为“依流域分布”,降水量与大气污染物浓度呈现负向关联性,晋冀鲁豫陕省份污染最严重。采用Kolmogorov-Smirnov检验法,得出NO₂、O₃、PM_2.5总体分布符合正态分布,SO₂、PM₁₀、CO既不符合正态分布,也不符合均匀、指数分布,它们与降水量的相关系数为：-0.316、-0.238、-0.332、-0.617、-0.574、-0.695;线性拟合方程系数处于 [-0.031, -0.008] 之间,降水量与大气污染物浓度之间负相关性明显。研究结果有助于了解和认识降水量对城市大气环境变化的影响。     

基于监测统计的垃圾收运车恶臭污染释放特征

为了明确生活垃圾初期收运过程中恶臭物质的释放特征,对典型垃圾收运压缩车和非压缩车展开了为期一年的监测.共检出了6大类别75种恶臭物质,其中以乙醇为主的含氧化合物浓度最高,平均检出浓度超过360μg/m³.垃圾初期收运车辆释放的恶臭物质在秋季污染水平最高,而冬季污染水平较低.通过对全部样品进行统计分析发现,压缩车与非压缩车释放恶臭物质的种类与浓度之间并无明显差异.根据阈稀释倍数法,乙醇、萘、二氯甲烷、二甲二硫醚和丙烯醛被筛选为典型恶臭物质.其中含硫化合物嗅阈值低,即使浓度很低也容易被感受到,在检测过程需要格外关注.本研究可为固体废物收运与管理过程的二次污染控制提供科学依据.