生物质炭对磷镉富集土壤中两种元素生物有效性及作物镉积累的影响

以磷镉富集土壤(总Cd 0.94mg·kg~(-1)、全磷0.86g·kg~(-1))和低镉积累基因型红菜薹金秋红三号为供试材料,采用盆栽试验的方法,设置了绝对对照CK0(仅施NK无机肥)、相对对照CKp(施NPK无机肥)、生物质炭BC(BC+NK无机肥)和BC-CKp(BC+NPK)这4个处理,考察了土壤磷素和重金属Cd的生物有效性、植株可食部位生物量及其Cd累积特征和土壤基本性状等指标.结果表明,至作物收获时,添加生物质炭的BC和BC-CKp处理与未添加生物质炭的CK0和CKp处理相比,土壤有效Cd含量分别降低了8.23%和5.68%;同时土壤有效磷含量提高了11.60～16.26mg·kg~(-1).施加外源磷肥的CKp和BC-CKp处理土壤有效Cd含量与未施加磷肥的CK0和BC处理相比分别降低了31.43%和33.29%.除CK0处理外,其它3个处理(CKp、BC及BC-CKp)的红菜薹作物可食部位Cd含量均未超出我国食品安全国家标准(GB 2762-2017)中Cd的限定值0.1mg·kg~(-1).结果表明,将生物质炭输入到磷素富集的中、轻度Cd污染土壤中,能够同时实现土壤中重金属Cd钝化和磷素活化的双重功能;且在不额外使用磷素化肥的条件下,种植弱吸收低积累Cd的蔬菜作物基因型,既可以保证可食部位生物量增加,也可以使其可食部位重金属Cd含量满足食品安全国家标准.     

油田高压注汽盐析及预防研究

本文分析研究了油田注汽系统盐析现象及其成因和危害,并根据盐析成因探索了预防注汽盐析方法以减少甚至消除其危害。通过研究确定,采用高压旋流饱和蒸发与低压闪蒸和多效蒸集成技术是预防注汽系统盐析并减少甚至消除盐析及其造成的危害较为有效的方法。     

污泥过热蒸汽干燥单因素试验

为了研究污泥常压过热蒸汽干燥过程中各干燥因素对干燥性能指标的影响规律,研制了一套污泥常压过热蒸汽干燥试验装置。利用研制的过热蒸汽干燥试验装置进行了不同温度、污泥质量和蒸汽流量的干燥试验。试验结果表明:蒸汽温度在180~260℃,污泥质量在6~30 g,蒸汽流量在18~40 m~3/h时,随着过热蒸汽温度升高、蒸汽流量增大,相对单位能耗值均是先减小后增大,平均干燥强度一直增大;随着污泥质量增大,相对单位能耗是先减小后增大,平均干燥强度一直减小。     

热水环境中Na+活化斜发沸石吸附钙离子除硬过程研究

本实验以Na+活化天然斜发沸石为吸附剂模拟研究其在工业热水环境中对钙离子(Ca2+)吸附除硬,考察了吸附剂的活化/再生条件、溶液p H等影响因素,并对Ca2+吸附动力学和热力学行为进行了分析探讨.结果表明:1该吸附过程具有准二级动力学特征且更符合Langmuir吸附等温模型;2温度升高可有效提升Ca2+吸附效率,而对其最大吸附量影响较小;3过程属化学吸附且为自发、吸热的熵增反应;4建议溶液p H控制在6~10之间,且当初始Ca2+浓度小于20 mg·L-1时活化斜发沸石可再生高效使用9次以上.研究证明活化斜发沸石是一种工业热能动力系统高温在线除硬的理想吸附剂.     

柠檬酸对三峡水库消落区土壤中汞活化及甲基化的影响

利用室内模拟实验,用不同浓度柠檬酸溶液分别浸提和培养土壤,探讨了植被根系分泌物的主要成分柠檬酸对三峡库区消落带土壤中汞活化及甲基化的影响.结果表明,添加柠檬酸后浸提液中汞含量在达到最高值之前均高于对照组(0 mmol·L~(-1)),且随柠檬酸浓度的增加而增大.0、1、2、4、5、6、8 mmol·L~(-1)浓度下最大汞溶出量随柠檬酸浓度的增加先增大而后保持稳定,分别占供试土壤总汞的1.03%、1.67%、1.99%、2.47%、2.68%、2.73%、2.73%.培养实验中,土壤甲基汞(Me Hg)含量在前3 h内基本维持稳定,随后除对照组增加缓慢外,其余组均开始上升,且上升速率随柠檬酸浓度的升高而增大.在同一培养时段内,土壤Me Hg含量及增加量随柠檬酸浓度的升高而增大.表明柠檬酸对土壤中无机汞向甲基汞的转化过程有一定的促进作用,且促进作用随着柠檬酸浓度的增加而愈加显著.     

THE IMPORTANCE OF SOIL IN EVALUATING POTENTIAL WASTE WATER DISPOSAL SITES IN THE MISSOURI OZARKS1

ABSTRACT: A number of criteria can be used in the selection of an area for the irrigation disposal of secondary treated waste water. The inherent capacity of the surface soil to retain, or at least detain, the various nutrient ions passing through the profile in the percolating waters becomes the prime consideration in regions with shallow water tables or in Karst areas such as the Missouri Ozarks where the risk of ground water supply contamination is high. A comprehensive study of the nutrient renovation potential of several soils was undertaken at a proposed effluent irrigation site along the Ozark National Scenic Riverways in south central Missouri. The surface soil hydrology was evaluated employing selected soil water parameters. Exchange equilibria studies determined the retention capacity for Ca and Mg while the concentrations of other selected ions were analyzed in the soil water to measure their retention time and net removal. The movement of a bromine tracer was monitored as an index of the renovation capacity of these soils for the more mobile anions such as nitrate. Neutron activation analysis proved to be a useful tool in the water quality analyses. All surface soil profiles demonstrated some degree of nutrient renovation for the various nutrients studied.     

DDS系列煤炭自燃阻化剂实验研究

为寻找高效阻化剂以防止煤炭自热引燃，在控温炉中对ＤＤＳ系列煤自燃阻化剂的阻化效果进行了实验研究，并与经前的阻化剂做了比较。实验采用烟煤作为试样，借助于著名的Ｆｒａｎｋ－Ｋａｍｅｎｅｔｓｋｉｉ模型，利用４，６，８和１０厘米立方体阻化煤磁地６０－２２０℃温度范围估测其氧化反应的活化能。     

Heavy metals in Jamaican surface soils

A regional survey of Jamaican surface soils has been conducted in which more than 200 samples were collected at a sample density of 1 per 64 km² across the island and analysed for total concentrations of 31 elements by instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA), energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) analysis and atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). The aim of the survey was to begin the construction of a high-precision geochemical database to provide information on elemental levels in soils for application to environmental studies, agriculture, and human and animal health. Results on the regional scale are presented for As, Cd, Cu, Hg and Pb. Although Jamaican surface soils are enriched in several heavy metals compared with world soil means and crustal abundances, lead is of particular importance at this stage because of its occurrence in residential areas. Except for Cu, the distribution maps of these elements are highly correlated with bauxite which in Jamaica is associated with white limestone geology and residualterra rossa soils.     

膨胀颗粒污泥床反应器在低温低浓度下的动力学研究

在考虑膨胀颗粒污泥床(EGSB)反应器的反应动力学、水力动力学和热动力学特点的基础上,建立了EGSB反应器在低浓度下的基质降解动力学模型,求出EGSB反应器在进水COD450m g/L、35,15℃(与35℃同样的液体上升流速)和15℃(提高液体上升流速至最佳)3种运行条件时的速率常数分别为3.91×102,1.07×102,2.54×102d-1。用A rrhenius方程分析了温度对速率常数的影响,计算出EGSB反应器在提高液体上升流速前后的活化能分别为4.897×104J/m o l和1.197×104J/m o。l低温使速率常数明显降低,但液体上升流速的提高却能显著提高速率常数,降低活化能。     

氧化锆生产废水处理工艺

以调节沉淀-汽提处理技术作为氧化锆生产废水的处理工艺,对主要构筑物做出工艺设计,运行结果表明该工艺具有出水水质稳定、处理效率高、流程简洁、操作简便等特点.是处理含高浓度氨氮、可生化性差的工业废水的一种适用技术.