汽爆秸秆高温固态发酵沼气的研究

沼气液态深层发酵及秸秆的物理、化学和生物预处理方式存在效率低、污染重等问题。为了解决这些问题,对蒸汽爆破预处理方式以及固态发酵在玉米秸秆沼气化中的应用进行了研究。秸秆经过蒸汽爆破预处理后,在50℃的高温条件下进行固态发酵沼气,甲烷产量达到138.2 mL/g TS。通过单因素实验优化,确定最佳发酵条件为：固液比1∶7,初始pH值7.5,接种量35%,NH₄HCO₃添加量0.04 g/g干汽爆秸秆,纤维素酶用量30 IU/g干汽爆秸秆,发酵温度50℃。在上述实验条件下,汽爆秸秆的甲烷产量提高至153.0 mL/g TS,是未汽爆秸秆的2.9倍。发酵后秸秆纤维素和半纤维素的降解率分别为59.86%和67.22%。因此,蒸汽爆破预处理有助于提高秸秆的产气量和降解率。高温固态发酵不仅可以缩短发酵延迟期,提高产气效率,而且发酵结束后不会产生大量废液,对环境友好。     

复杂人机系统班组人误模型与量化分析

讨论一个班组人员行为模型,即包括:任务模型、事件模型、班组模型和人-机交互模型4个模块,并用其模拟和分析事故状态下的运行班组对异常事故的响应过程;利用班组认知过程流程图模型表征事件发展过程中班组成员对事故的征兆识别、决策、计划和行动执行的响应过程;采用CREAM的量化分析技术,对核电站的蒸汽发生器管道破管事故的班组认知失误事件进行量化分析。     

超声处理对提取苦杏仁挥发油的研究

研究了超声处理对提取苦杏仁挥发油的影响。结果表明,超声处理有利于提高苦杏仁挥发油的得率,在所选取的范围内随功率和时间的增加而提高;通过正交实验确定影响挥发油得率的因素从大到小依次为超声功率、物料细度、pH和处理时间,确定最优工艺组合是物料细度为80目;在pH值为5的提取液中浸泡后,超声功率为100W处理30min。经分析,超声处理得到挥发油样品的主要成分是苯甲醛。     

Mechanical treatment of automobile shredder residue for its application as a fuel

Enforcement of the Automobile Recycling Law in Japan requires utilization of automobile shredder residue (ASR). However, the high contents of copper (∼5%) and chlorine (∼1%) in ASR stand in the way of practical application. We studied methods for the removal of copper and chlorine from ASR so that it could be utilized as a fuel. By compression of the ASR for solidification with an extruder, the polyvinylchloride (PVC) that covered electrical cables was softened and stripped from the copper wire. The solidified ASR was comminuted with cutter mills and classified by dry density separation. The copper content of the obtained light products was 0.2%–0.5%. Furthermore, we studied the possibility of dechlorination of the ASR by mechanochemical (MC) activation. The light product of the ASR was milled with CaO or CaCO₃. The chlorine content decreased to about one-tenth of the original value after MC activation over 8 h. Therefore, the combined processing of softening–stripping and comminution liberated the PVC-covered cables and decreased the copper content of the ASR. In addition, dechlorination of the ASR was also possible by MC activation with the addition of calcium compounds.     

改性半焦脱除烟气中SO2的研究

对内蒙工业副产褐煤半焦（比表面积49.187m^2／g,孔容0.0351cm^2／g）,采用加压水热化学活化法,HNO3活化法和高温煅烧相结合的方法制备出半焦烟气脱硫剂,并对脱硫剂的脱硫性能进行固定床活性评价。分析表明,其脱硫效果比较好,转化率维持在50％以上的累计硫容可达24．30％,脱硫时间长达35h,远远高于原料半焦的脱硫效果（硫容为0．68％,时间为1．5h）;同时采用水洗法对脱硫剂进行再生,其再生液可用来制备浓度为9.01％的稀硫酸。     

Through converting the surface complex on TiO2 nanorods to generate superoxide and singlet oxygen to remove CN-

Cyanide(CN^-) is extensively used in the process of plating devices and for surface treatment in the electroplating industry and is extremely hazardous to humans and the environment. Peroxymonosulfate(PMS)- based advanced oxidation processes(AOPs) hold considerable promise for CN^- removal. However, the activity of sulfate radical and hydroxyl radical generated in the PMS activation process is low in the base condition, leading to a drop in its efficiency in CN^- re...     

Efficient nitrogen doped porous carbonaceous CO2 adsorbents based on lotus leaf

In this work, the waste biomass lotus leaf was converted into N-doped porous carbonaceous CO₂ adsorbents. The synthesis process includes carbonization of lotus leaf, melamine post-treatment and KOH activation. For the resultant sorbents, high nitrogen content can be contained due to the melamine modification and advanced porous structure were formed by KOH etching. These samples were carefully characterized by different techniques and their CO₂ adsorption properties were investigated in detail. These sorbents hold good CO₂ adsorption abilities, up to 3.87 and 5.89 mmol/g at 25 and 0°C under 1 bar, respectively. By thorough investigation, the combined interplay of N content and narrow microporous volume was found to be responsible for the CO₂ uptake for this series of sorbents. Together with the high CO₂ adsorption abilities, these carbons also display excellent reversibility, high CO₂/N₂ selectivity, applicable heat of adsorption, fast CO₂ adsorption kinetics and good dynamic CO₂ adsorption capacity. This study reveals a universal method of obtaining N-doped porous carbonaceous sorbents from leaves. The low cost of raw materials accompanied by easy synthesis procedure disclose the enormous potential of leaves-based carbons in CO₂ capture as well as many other applications.     

腐殖酸定向修饰Ce-Co铁基生物焦汞吸附机理

使用腐殖酸对铁基改性生物焦进行定向修饰,并借助固定床吸附装置考察改性后生物焦汞吸附性能,探究了不同腐殖酸负载量下的铁基改性生物焦的汞吸附能力.采用BET、XPS、FTIR表征手段,考察了定向修饰后生物焦的孔隙结构、表面元素价态及表面功能基团的组成,通过SEM扫描电镜探究生物焦微观形貌,并利用EDS能谱分析生物焦表面活性金属成分分布.结果表明,使用腐殖酸对铁基改性生物焦定向修饰后的生物焦汞脱除性能大幅提高,使用5%质量分数包裹后的生物焦汞脱除性能最高,3h单位累积汞吸附量为18025ng/g,相较于未被修饰的铁基改性生物焦汞吸附性能提高65%;负载腐殖酸后的生物焦以介孔为主,表面活性金属种类丰富,有利于单质汞的氧化;样品表面羧基、醇羟基等含氧官能团数量增加,定向修饰后生物焦表面出现大量氨基等利于重金属吸附的含氮官能团;定向修饰后的生物焦表面出现团聚现象,包裹量过高会将生物焦表面活性位点完全包裹,阻碍了氧化还原反应的进行,不利于汞的进一步氧化;汞在生物焦表面的吸附过程同时存在化学吸附与物理吸附.     

Fe (II)活化过硫酸盐处理喹啉工艺参数优化及生物毒性

以喹啉为处理目标物,采用Fe²⁺活化K₂S₂O₈（PS）的高级氧化体系在不同环境因素下降解喹啉.结果表明：与单一PS体系和Fe²⁺体系相比,Fe²⁺/PS体系可以有效降解喹啉.在初始喹啉浓度为250mg/L,喹啉/PS物质的量比为1：10,PS/Fe²⁺物质的量比为3,初始pH3,反应温度为45℃,反应时间为80min的条件下,喹啉降解率可达100%.提高PS和Fe²⁺浓度均能有效提高喹啉降解率,但超过一定限值后对喹啉去除效果不明显.Fe²⁺/PS去除喹啉的过程符合一级反应动力学.溶液初始pH值越高,喹啉去除率越低;反应温度越高,喹啉去除率越高.自由基淬灭实验证实,Fe²⁺活化PS体系中有SO₄^-·和OH·的存在,其中由SO₄^-·产生的OH·对喹啉的降解占主导地位.通过GC/MS检测到2种中间产物8-羟基喹啉和2（1H）-喹啉酮,据此推测基于硫酸根自由基强化喹啉降解的可能路径.大肠杆菌急性毒性实验结果证实,虽然Fe²⁺/PS体系去除喹啉过程中产生了毒性更强的中间产物,但酸性条件和较高的反应温度有利于体系脱毒.