Fine‐Sediment Loadings to Lake Tahoe1

Abstract: Over the past 35 years, a trend of decreasing water clarity has been documented in Lake Tahoe, attributable in part to the delivery of fine‐grained sediments emanating from upland and channel sources. The overall objective of the research reported here was to determine the amount of fine sediment delivered to Lake Tahoe from each of the 63 contributing watersheds. The research described in this report used combinations of field‐based observations of channel and bank stability with measured and simulated data on fine‐sediment loadings to estimate fine‐sediment loadings from unmonitored basins throughout the Lake Tahoe Basin. Loadings were expressed in the conventional format of mass per unit time but also in the number of particles finer than 20 μm, the latter for future use in a lake‐clarity model. The greatest contributors of fine sediment happened to be those with measured data, not requiring extrapolation. In descending order, they are as follows: Upper Truckee River [1,010 tonnes per year (T/year)], Blackwood Creek (846 T/year), Trout Creek (462 T/year), and Ward Creek (412 T/year). Summing estimated values from the contributing watersheds provided an average, annual estimate of fine‐sediment (<0.063 mm) loadings to the lake of 5,206 T/year. A total of 7.79E + 19 particles in the 5‐20 μm fraction were calculated to enter Lake Tahoe in an average year with the Upper Truckee River accounting for almost 25% of the total. Contributions from Blackwood, Ward, Trout, and Third creeks account for another 23% of these very fine particles. Thus, these five streams making up about 40% of the basin area, account for almost 50% of all fine‐sediment loadings to the lake. Contribution of fine sediment from streambank erosion were estimated by developing empirical relations between measured or simulated bank‐erosion rates with a field‐based measure of the extent of bank instability along given streams. An average, annual fine‐sediment loading from streambank erosion of 1,305 T/year was calculated. This represents about 25% of the average, annual fine‐sediment load delivered to the lake from all sources. The two largest contributors, the Upper Truckee River (639 T/year) and Blackwood Creek (431 T/year), account for slightly more than 80% of all fines emanating from streambanks, representing about 20% of the fine sediment delivered to Lake Tahoe from all sources. Extrapolations of fine‐sediment loadings to the unmonitored watersheds are based on documented empirical relations, yet contain a significant amount of uncertainty. Except for those values derived directly from measured data, reported results should be considered as estimates.     

Preparations of TiO2 film coated on foam nickel substrate by sol-gel processes and its photocatalytic activity for degradation of acetaldehyde

Anatase TiO2 films were successfully prepared on foam nickel substrates by sol-gel technique using tetrabutyl titanate as precursor. The characteristics of the TiO2 films were investigated by XPS, XRD, FE-SEM, TEM and UV-Vis absorption spectra. The photocatalytic activities of TiO2 films were investigated by photocatalytic degradation reactions of gaseous acetaldehyde, an indoor pollutant, under ultraviolet light irradiation. It was found that Ni^2＋ doping into TiO2 films due to the foam nickel substrates resulted in the extension of absorption edges of TiO2 films from UV region to visible light region. The pre-heating for foam nickel substrates resulted in the formation of NiO layer, which prevented effectively the injection of photogenerated electrons from TiO2 films to metal nickel. The TiO2 films displayed high photocatalytic activity for the degradation of acetaldehyde, and were enhanced by calcining the substrates and coating TiO2 films repeatedly. The high activity was mainly attributed to the improvement of the characteristics of substrate surface and the increase of active sites on photocatalyst.     

Determination of haloacetic acids concentrations in hospital effluent after chlorination by ion chromatography

The ion chromatography combined solid phase extraction (SPE) method was developed for the analysis of low concentration haloacetic acids(HAAs),a calss of disinfection by-products formed as a result of chlorination of hospital wastewater. The monitored HAAs included monochloroacetic acid, monobromoacetic acid, dichloroacetic acid, dibromoacetic acid and trichloroacetic acid. The method employed a sodium hydroxide eluent at a flow rate of 0.8 ml/min, electrolytically generated gradients, and suppressed conductivity detection. To analyze the HAAs in real hospital wastewater samples, C18 pretreatment cartridge was utilized to reduce samples' turbidity. Preconcentration with SPE and matrix elimination with treatment cartridges were investigated and were found to be able to obtain acceptable detection limits. Linearity, repeatability and detection limits of the above method were evaluated. The detection limits of monobromoacetic acid and dibromoacetic acid were 2.61 μg/L and 1.30 μg/L respectively, and the other three are ranging from 0.48 to 0.82 μg/L under 25-fold preconcentration. When the above optimization procedure was applied to three hospital wastewater samples with different treatment processes in Tianjin, it was found that the dichloroacetic acid is the major compound, and the growth ratios of the HAAs after disinfection by sodium hypochlorite were 91.28%, 63.61% and 79.50%, respectively.     

基于纳污能力控制的省区初始排污权ITSP配置模型

省区初始排污权配置具有多阶段性、复杂性及不确定性特征。面向水功能区限制纳污红线约束,根据省区初始排污权配置的基本假设,引入区间数和随机数来描述不确定性信息,以因省区初始排污权配置产生的经济效益为第1个阶段,以因承担减排责任而可能产生的治污损失为第2个阶段,设计实现流域经济效益最优的目标函数,并以配置结果能够体现社会效益、生态环境效益和社会经济发展连续性为约束条件,构建基于纳污能力控制的省区初始排污权区间两阶段随机规划(ITSP)配置模型,分水污染物类别确定不同减排情形下的省区初始排污权配置方案。在三种减排情形下,2020年太湖流域各省区的初始排污权配置结果表明:1江苏省、浙江省和上海市的COD初始排污权配置区间量没有明显变化,其NH3-N和TP初始排污权配置区间量总体呈上升或递增趋势;2太湖流域各省区因初始排污权的配置产生的总体经济效益最优区间数分别为[335.35,399.75]亿元、[336.63,401.11]亿元和[339.08,402.74]亿元,最优区间数的下限值、上限值及期望值总体呈上升或递增趋势。分类确定不同减排情形下的配置方案,并提出方案实施的政策建议,为排污权配置决策提供更为准确的决策空间。     

室内火灾升温过程的随机性研究

火灾升温的参数化模型由两部分组成,即升温段持续时间的确定和升温过程的函数关系。升温段持续时间是随机变量,升温过程是随机过程。随机性参数的概率密度函数复杂,用解析方法推导升温段持续时间和升温过程的概率分布类型和概率特征比较困难。本文运用Monte Carlo方法和数值方法研究了参数化模型升温过程的随机特性;给出了升温段持续时间的概率模型、升温过程的均值函数和方差函数,并利用区域模拟验证了基于参数化模型的火灾升温概率模型的有效性。     

铸造行业挥发性有机物排放成分谱及影响

采用气袋-吸附管采样方法对京津冀地区9家铸造企业重点工序有组织和无组织排放气体进行采集,运用气相色谱-质谱联用技术（GC-MS）测定了56种VOCs组分,首次建立了铸造行业基于生产工序的VOCs源成分谱,并且结合臭氧生成潜势分析了VOCs对臭氧生成的贡献.结果表明,铸造行业VOCs特征组分主要为芳烃、卤代烃和含氧VOCs,平均占比分别为：50.9%、20.8%和12.6%.总体而言,甲苯、苯、间/对-二甲苯等芳烃,二氯甲烷、三氯乙烯等卤代烃,丙酮、乙酸乙酯、环戊酮等含氧VOCs和部分高碳烷烃是铸造行业的特征物种.铸造企业不同生产工序的VOCs特征物种与所使用溶剂、表面处理剂的成分相关.喷漆工序是铸造行业中排放浓度最高的环节,其次为造型、硅溶胶和浇注工序.不同生产工序排放VOCs的OFP在0.29~96.09 mg·m^-3之间.喷漆工序是铸造行业OFP最高的环节,其次是造型、熔炼和浇注工序;芳烃和含氧VOCs是各生产工序OFP贡献较高的组分.1,3,5-三甲苯、1,2,4-三甲苯、甲苯和间/对-二甲苯等芳烃是铸造行业OFP贡献较高的物种,总贡献比例超过60%.建议重点对喷漆工序排放VOCs采取有效治理措施;对造型、熔炼和浇注等工序排放VOCs应采取有效收集和治理措施.     

华北平原农田硝态氮淋溶率和淋溶负荷估计

由于化肥过度施用且强度逐渐增加,华北平原氮淋溶问题日趋严重且造成了地下水污染风险.利用1991年以来公开发表的文献中290 组农田NO₃^--N 淋溶试验样本(淋溶率和10个影响因素),基于Bayesian递归回归树模型初步建立了华北平原农田NO₃^--N淋溶迁移过程统计模型.以2008年为例,基于华北平原县域合成氮肥、复合肥施用量和1 km×1 km的影响因素和土地利用(耕地)数据,最终得到1 km×1 km的华北平原农田NO₃^--N淋溶率和淋溶负荷及其不确定性水平.初步结果表明:①模型校准和验证R²分别达到0.832和0.829,模拟结果相对可靠;②华北平原耕地NO₃^--N的淋溶率具有显著的空间分异,其中位值为15.4%(R₅₀为12.6%~18.2%),其主要影响因素为土壤TN量、施N量、灌溉比例与降雨量的比值等;相应地,2008年淋溶负荷和淋溶量分别为995.1 Gg·a^-1(833.4~1156.7 Gg·a^-1);③NO₃^--N淋溶率较高的区域集中在太行山脉以东、黄河附近以及苏北的县(区、市),淋溶负荷贡献最大为河南(~37.7%)、江苏(~24.8%)和河北(~21.6%).     

土壤-植物系统中的微界面过程及其生态环境效应

土壤 植物系统是地球生态系统中与人类生存与健康关系最为密切的亚系统 .该系统中的水分、养分 污染物的运移必须历经土壤固 液界面、根土界面 (根际微环境 )、细胞跨膜运输和植物体内不同组织和细胞内不同组分间的再分配等微界面过程 .这些微界面过程涉及到系统中许多生物、生物化学和物理化学反应机理 ,与植物对土壤中养分高效利用、污染物迁移转化及其归宿具有密切的关系 .理解这些微界面过程对提高农作物生长、改善土壤环境质量和提高农产品安全品质具有直接的理论和实践指导意义     

A2/O工艺污水处理厂运行参数优化的数值模拟

为了确定活性污泥系统A2/O工艺的最佳运行工况,将FCASM2-HYDRO模型应用于德清狮山污水处理厂A2/O工艺污水处理过程的数值模拟中.根据FCASM2-HYDRO模型分别建立了厌氧池、缺氧池、好氧池的数值模拟方程.采用有限元法求解,并使用MATLAB语言建立一套数值模拟程序.利用数值模拟程序分别模拟了工艺参数条件、流量、进水碳氮磷比对德清狮山污水处理厂污水处理效果的影响.由数值模拟结果得到了该厂目前最佳的运行工况:污泥回流比为50%,混合液回流比为100%,泥龄为15d,进水COD:NH4 -N:PO34-P比控制为100:8:1.     

α-Fe2O3砂芯微球制备及紫外辅助下活化PMS降解AO7

以FeCl₃为原料，尿素为沉淀剂，抗坏血酸为还原剂，聚乙烯吡咯烷酮为结构导向剂，纳米碳粉为模板，水热法制备了一种新型α-Fe₂O₃砂芯微球.通过透射电镜（TEM）、扫描电镜（SEM）、X射线衍射（XRD）和比表面积及孔径分析（BET/BJH）等手段对其结构和性能进行表征.结果表明新型α-Fe₂O₃砂芯微球尺寸均匀，直径为50μm左右，是由直径40nm"米粒状"纯相α-Fe₂O₃自聚而成，S_BET为25.45~32.46m²/g.在紫外（UV，高压汞灯）辐射下能够活化过硫酸盐（PMS）产生强氧化性的硫酸根自由基（SO₄^-·）.40min内AO7的降解率可达98.6%，采用电子自旋共振（ESR）技术鉴定了主要的活性氧自由基（ROS）为SO₄^-·.此外发现PMS作为一种电子捕获剂，能有效抑制光生电子（e_CB^-）和空穴（h_VB⁺）的复合，AO7能直接和h_VB⁺、SO₄^-·和羟基自由基（OH·）反应而迅速被氧化降解；α-Fe₂O₃回收重复使用10次，仍可以达到80%以上的去除率.通过考察α-Fe₂O₃投加量、PMS浓度、初始pH值、阴离子和初始AO7浓度等不同条件对AO7降解率的影响，发现在初始pH值为7.0，α-Fe₂O₃的投加量为1.0g/L，PMS浓度为0.3g/L时，40min内对AO7的降解率可以达到99%以上；阴离子CO₃^2-、NO₃^-以及Cl^-对该体系均有不同程度的促进作用.