高炉单元非工艺除尘改造工程实例

介绍了某钢铁企业高炉单元出铁场、矿槽及上料系统除尘改造的工程实例。封闭出铁场并增设屋顶除尘,控制无组织排放。优化设计除尘点、除尘罩和管道以改善除尘效果。通过升级原有布袋除尘器,改造原电除尘器为脉冲布袋除尘器,增设上料及槽上除尘系统,完成除尘改造工程。采用气力输送方式将各除尘系统灰集中到一个灰仓后再外运处理,减少二次扬尘。改造后该单元范围内有组织及无组织排放均达到国家最新标准,为今后相似工程提供了经验。     

Effect of Subjective and Objective Workload on Asthenopia at VDU Workplaces

An ergophthalmological tool has been developed to investigate effects of subjective and objective workload on work-related visual complaints (asthenopia). In field studies on different visual display unit (VDU) workplaces effects of objective and subjective workload, work intensity, and work breaks (5-9 min/hour) could be found. It could be shown that during the first hours of VDU work, asthenopic complaints have the tendency to follow effective workload. With increasing working time the effect of a general and visual fatigue overlaps other reported visual complaints in the majority of cases.     

Long-term dynamics of terrestrial carbon stocks in Austria: a comprehensive assessment of the time period from 1830 to 2000

This article presents a comprehensive data set on Austria’s terrestrial carbon stocks from the beginnings of industrialization in the year 1830 to the present. It is based on extensive historical and recent land use and forestry data derived from primary sources (cadastral surveys) for the early nineteenth century, official statistics available for later parts of the nineteenth century as well as the twentieth century, and forest inventory data covering the second half of the twentieth century. Total carbon stocks—i.e. aboveground and belowground standing crop and soil organic carbon—are calculated for the entire period and compared to those of potential vegetation. Results suggest that carbon stocks were roughly constant from 1830 to 1880 and have grown considerably from 1880 to 2000, implying that Austria’s vegetation has acted as a carbon sink since the late nineteenth century. Carbon stocks increased by 20% from approximately 1.0 GtC in 1830 and 1880 to approximately 1.2 GtC in the year 2000, a value still much lower than the amount of carbon terrestrial ecosystems are expected to contain in the absence of land use: According to calculations presented in this article, potential vegetation would contain some 2.0 GtC or 162% of the present terrestrial carbon stock, suggesting that the recent carbon sink results from a recovery of biota from intensive use in the past. These findings are in line with the forest transition hypothesis which claims that forest areas are growing in industrialized countries. Growth in forest area and rising carbon stocks per unit area of forests both contribute to the carbon sink. We discuss the hypothesis that the carbon sink is mainly caused by the shift from area-dependent energy sources (biomass) in agrarian societies to the largely area-independent energy system of industrial societies based above all on fossil fuels.     

西双版纳森林植被碳储量动态与增汇潜力研究

科学评估区域森林碳储量动态与增汇潜力对理解陆地碳循环具有重要的意义。本文基于生物量转换因子连续函数法,对西双版纳1993—2006年间森林植被碳储量与碳汇潜力进行了研究,结果表明,（1）西双版纳1993—1994年间森林植被整体碳储量为60 770 378.37 t,碳汇增量表现为栎类（Quercus L.）〉经济林〉思茅松（Pinus kesiya）〉其它阔叶〉桤木（Alnus cremastogyne）,主要森林类型的碳密度范围为15.08～74.76 t.hm-2;2005—2006年间森林植被整体碳储量为62 347 715.19 t,比1994—1993年间上升2.60%,碳汇增量均表现为其它阔叶〉经济林〉栎类〉思茅松〉桤木〉杉木（Cunninghamia lanceolate）〉其它针叶,主要森林类型的碳密度范围为8.60～70.90 t.hm-2。（2）2005—2006年间,景洪森林植被整体碳储量为23 299 801.23 t,碳密度范围为8.78～73.35 t.hm-2;勐海森林植被整体碳储量为14 058 043.42 t,碳密度范围为7.95～59.51 t.hm-2;勐腊森林植被整体碳储量为25 050 562.32 t,碳密度范围为8.46～98.73 t.hm-2。可见,1993—2006年间,西双版纳森林植被起到了重要的碳汇功能,且其碳汇功能呈上升趋势。     

中国粮食自给率研究——粮食、谷物和口粮自给率分析

由于统计口径与计算方法的不同,粮食自给率的计算结果往往差异较大,得出的中国粮食安全的结论也大相径庭,从而引起国内各界的广泛争议。为了准确分析当前中国的粮食安全情势,避免误判对相关决策造成误导,有必要对粮食的统计口径和自给率计算方法进行分析研究。本文选用三种粮食自给率计算方法—定额统计法、流向统计法和消费统计法,测算中国2000-2016年的粮食、谷物和口粮自给率,并对结果进行对比分析。结果显示：（1）定额统计法计算结果容易造成失真,流向统计法与消费统计法计算结果较为准确;（2）谷物和口粮自给率更能反映中国实际的粮食供需情况;（3）中国谷物自给率在98%以上,口粮自给率高于100%。然而,随着工业化和城市化进程的加快,城市发展对土地的需求越来越大,这会造成耕地被侵占、粮食需求激增等严重问题,口粮生产仍然不能放松,建议未来调整农业结构,稳定小麦、稻米生产。     

1985~2019年中国全氟辛烷磺酰基化合物的动态物质流分析

全氟辛烷磺酰基化合物（PFOS）是一类具有持久性、生物累积性和毒性的化学品.揭示PFOS在较大时空范围内的流动、储存和释放规律,可为PFOS管理提供科学依据.本研究构建了1985~2019年中国PFOS的动态物质流模型,量化了流量、存量及环境释放量,并对结果进行了灵敏度和不确定性分析.结果表明,国内生产是中国PFOS主要的源,生产的PFOS多以终端产品形态流向国内市场,少数以原料形式出口;土壤和水体是中国PFOS主要的汇,释放到两者中的PFOS主要来自产品使用阶段,2019年达103 t.2000年前PFOS的总输入量和总输出量均相对较小,后逐步增加;2009年,相关公约的颁布使两者明显下降.2005年起,在用存量和环境释放量逐年增加,土地填埋存量自1985年起始终保持增长状态.含PFOS的废弃物的末端处理目前仍以土地填埋和焚烧等传统方式为主,但有向绿色处理方式转型的趋势.本研究结果可为健全我国PFOS管理提供基础数据和理论支持.     

湿煤堆自热过程的非稳态数学模拟

利用简化的自热过程一维数学模型,分析煤堆内水分变化及迁移对煤堆自热所能达到的最高温度的影响。分析结果表明：当煤堆内水蒸气达到饱和时,预计的煤堆最高温度将低于９０℃;而当煤堆中气流的相对湿度减小时,预计的煤堆最高温度将会超过１００℃。结果还表明,把气流相对湿度与煤堆含水量之间的平衡关系引入自热过程的非稳态数学模型,不仅是可行的,而且能够更客观地描述实际煤堆的自热过程。     

库存弹药事故人误危险性评估研究

提出了库存弹药事故人误的定义,从个体角度分析了人误事件发生的机理.构建了人误固有危险性的评价指标体系及评判标准,考虑了6类危险性抵消因子对人误的影响.最后,建立了评估库存弹药事故人误危险性的数学模型.     

川西亚高山森林土壤有机层碳、氮、磷储量特征

同步研究了川西亚高山云杉林、冷杉林和白桦林生态系统土壤有机层(OL)和矿质层(MS)的有机碳、全氮及全磷储量特征.所有土壤剖面上的有机碳和易氧化有机碳含量均随土壤深度增加而降低,即未分解层<半分解层<完全分解层<腐殖质层<淀积层<母质层.云杉林、冷杉林和白桦林土壤有机层的有机碳储量分别为29.38(±1.28)thm-2、22.70(±1.20)thm-2和8.63(±0.95)thm-2,矿质土壤中分别为17.84(±1.92)thm-2、19.74(±1.76)thm-2和14.92(±1.64)thm-2.冷杉林和白桦林土壤剖面上的全氮和全磷含量大小顺序为半分解层<完全分解层<腐殖质层,但腐殖质层>淀积层>母质层.云杉林、冷杉林、白桦林土壤有机层的全氮储量分别为0.85(±0.11)thm-2、0.68(±0.06)thm-2和(0.36±0.03)thm-2,全磷储量分别为0.29(±0.03)thm-2、0.22(±0.03)thm-2和0.06(±0.02)thm-2.图2表2参22     

Organic carbon stock in topsoil of Jiangsu Province, China, and the recent trend of carbon sequestration

Data collection of soil organic carbon(SOC) of 154 soil series of Jiangsu, China from the second provincial soil survey and of recent changes in SOC from a number of field pilot experiments across the province were collected. Statistical analysis of SOC contents and soil properties related to organic carbon storage were performed. The provincial total topsoil SOC stock was estimated to be O. 1 Pg with an extended pool of 0.4 Pg taking soil depth of 1 m, being relatively small compared to its total land area of lOl?00 km^2. One quarter of this topsoil stock was found in the soils of the Taihu Lake region that occupied 1/6 of the provincial arable area. Paddy soils accounted for over 50% of this stock in terms of SOC distribution among the soil types in the province. Experimental data from experimental farms widely distributed in the province showed that SOC storage increased consistently over the last 20 years despite a previously reported decreasing tendency during the period between 1950--1970. The evidence indicated that agricultural management practices such as irrigation, straw return and rotation of upland crops with rice or wheat crops contributed significantly to the increase in SOC storage. The annual carbon sequestration rate in the soils was in the range of 0.3-3.5 tC/(hm^2. a), depending on cropping systems and other agricultural practices. Thus, the agricultural production in the province, despite the high input, could serve as one of the practical methods to mitigate the increasing air CO2.