Understanding Nature through Photography: An Empirical Analysis of the Intents of Nature Photographers and the Preparatory Process

ABSTRACT

This study examined the intent, preparatory processes and challenges of nature photographers mainly shooting plants and animals in northern Japan. Findings revealed efforts to actively absorb scientific knowledge related to subjects during the preparatory process. Thus, a core intention is to capture nature in a scientifically credible manner, thereby demonstrating intimate understanding of subjects acquired from both scientific knowledge and first-hand field observations. In constructing their self-identity and attributing purpose to their work, photographers are grappling with internal tensions and contradictions when deciding the optimal distance to place between their field and related professions such as stock photography and artistic expression. We also observed cases where the original intentions of scientifically credible images from nature photographers might be lost as images are freely diffused via digital stock photo libraries. This harbors implications for the ability of the public to knowingly view photographs with a sort of “quality assurance” based on natural science.     

Response of Drinking-water Reservoir Ecosystems to Decreased Acidic Atmospheric Deposition in SE Germany: Signs of Biological Recovery

Strongly decreasing atmospheric emissions and acidic deposition during the 1990s have initiated chemical reversal from acidification in several drinking-water reservoirs of the Erzgebirge, SE Germany. We studied responses of phytoplankton, zooplankton and fish stocks in five reservoirs and at enclosure scale after experimental neutralization of 1,200 m³ of lake water. About 4 months after this treatment, diatoms and cryptomonads replaced the predominating chrysophytes and dinoflagellates. The colonization by acid-sensitive species of green algae, cryptomonads, rotifers and Cladocera (e.g. Bosmina longirostris) is explained by the occurrence of dormant stages or by survival of individuals in very low abundances. Analogous to the enclosure experiment, three reservoirs showed significantly (p < 0.01) falling trends of chlorophyll a and phytoplankton biovolume, mainly due to the decline of dinoflagellates. Picoplankton and diatoms increased slightly in two reservoirs. The zooplankton communities were dominated by rotifers and small Cladocera. Representatives of the genus Daphnia were lacking. Two reservoirs were re-colonized by zooplanktivorous fish populations of either perch (Perca fluviatilis) or sunbleak (Leucaspius delineatus). The latter exhibited extremely high fluctuating abundance and biomass and even suffered from a population crash. This natural mortality was caused by a limited food supply. Hence, severe top-down control may delay the recovery of larger zooplankton species like daphnids. Fishery management comprising the introduction of predatory fishes can help to control zooplanktivorous fish populations and to prevent their mass mortality.     

我国上市公司资产负债率偏低的原因解析

我国上市公司的资产负债率大大低于美英等七国的平均水平,具有很强的股权融资偏好。形成这种状况的原因有政策方面、融资成本原因和公司治理结构方面等。股权融资偏好能够带来很大的金融风险。     

高校集中采购权力的监督与制约

高校实行集中采购,将竞争机制引入了公共支出使用过程,有利于提高资金的使用效益,但由于资金数额大,权力过于集中,为了避免在反腐败的同时产生新的问题,必须加强对采购权力的监控。     

中国股票市场综合效应与消费需求变动分析

本文首先研究股票市场影响消费需求的综合效应;在此基础上对中国股票市场促进消费需求的条件和障碍进行分析,并提出了发展股票市场促进消费需求的几条对策.     

我国大麻哈鱼资源及其保护途径

大麻哈鱼是我国黑龙江和吉林两省特产的经济鱼类，近２０年来资源明显衰退．本文根据多年一系列实地调查研究，论述了目前我国境内３种大麻哈鱼的自然分布、经济价值、资源特征与现状，分析了资源衰退原因及其开发利用中所存在的问题，初步提出资源保护途径。     

黄土高原地区农林牧业生态系统中主要灾害及减灾对策

农林牧业在黄土高原地区国民经济发展中占有十分重要的位置。本文根据全区的生态特点,对农业系统的生态环境恶化的几种主要形式进行了分析,同时提出了农林牧业整体建设的综合整治对策。     

我国稻谷供给与消费平衡的时空格局

论文基于城市和农村人口大米消费量、稻谷加工产品产量、猪及家禽等产品出栏量、单位面积种子用量等估算了2000—2014年我国稻谷消费的变化,分析了不同省份稻谷的供需平衡关系。研究结果显示：我国稻谷人均表观消费量显著高于世界水平;2000—2014年稻谷供需从紧平衡甚至个别年度供不应求的状态逐渐过渡到供需盈余;我国稻谷以口粮消费为主,但消费比重减少明显,工业和饲料消费比重增加;2014年我国稻谷库存消费比接近70%,10 a库存增加了2.72倍;我国2/3的省份（21个）稻谷供需难以自足,仅10个省份稻谷能够自足,5个省份稻谷供需盈余量在300万t以上。为去库存,应坚定推进水稻的市场化改革;为保障区域稻谷等口粮的需求,应加强省际之间粮食流通体制机制的研究。     

关于申请上市及再融资企业环境保护核查工作的思考

目前,我国上市及申请再融资企业（或公司）环境保护核查工作已经历了启动、规范和研究发展三个阶段。本文分析了上市公司环境保护核查工作与开发建设项目环境影响评价、竣工验收监测或调查的关系,三者之间既有区别又有紧密的联系。指出重污染行业企业也存在生态影响问题,有必要对其生态保护与建设工作进行核查,并提出了生态保护与建设核查的主要内容。     

我国主要粮食品种供给与消费平衡分析

论文基于城市和农村人口及其人均食物消费、粮食工业产品产量、肉蛋奶水产品产量、单位面积种子用量等估算了2013年我国主要粮食品种实际消费量和合理膳食结构下的理想消费量。研究结果显示：我国稻谷、玉米、小麦和薯类以国内生产为主,大豆主要依赖进口;我国稻谷和小麦以口粮消费为主,玉米和豆类以饲料用粮消费为主,薯类以工业用粮和饲料用粮消费为主;稻谷、小麦、玉米和薯类结余量较大,豆类结余量少;按照现有的饮食结构,只需要71%的稻谷生产量和52%的小麦生产量就能完全满足口粮需求。未来应关注稻谷和小麦口粮生产,实施全过程监管以及资金和技术支持,其他用途或品种的粮食生产应由市场主导。