Understanding Nature through Photography: An Empirical Analysis of the Intents of Nature Photographers and the Preparatory Process

ABSTRACT

This study examined the intent, preparatory processes and challenges of nature photographers mainly shooting plants and animals in northern Japan. Findings revealed efforts to actively absorb scientific knowledge related to subjects during the preparatory process. Thus, a core intention is to capture nature in a scientifically credible manner, thereby demonstrating intimate understanding of subjects acquired from both scientific knowledge and first-hand field observations. In constructing their self-identity and attributing purpose to their work, photographers are grappling with internal tensions and contradictions when deciding the optimal distance to place between their field and related professions such as stock photography and artistic expression. We also observed cases where the original intentions of scientifically credible images from nature photographers might be lost as images are freely diffused via digital stock photo libraries. This harbors implications for the ability of the public to knowingly view photographs with a sort of “quality assurance” based on natural science.     

国内外传爆药装药结构研究的发展动向

对国内和国外关于传爆药装药结构的研究现状和研究成果进行总结,分析了国内研究的一些不足,并提出了一些意见和该领域今后的研究方向.     

Response of Drinking-water Reservoir Ecosystems to Decreased Acidic Atmospheric Deposition in SE Germany: Signs of Biological Recovery

Strongly decreasing atmospheric emissions and acidic deposition during the 1990s have initiated chemical reversal from acidification in several drinking-water reservoirs of the Erzgebirge, SE Germany. We studied responses of phytoplankton, zooplankton and fish stocks in five reservoirs and at enclosure scale after experimental neutralization of 1,200 m³ of lake water. About 4 months after this treatment, diatoms and cryptomonads replaced the predominating chrysophytes and dinoflagellates. The colonization by acid-sensitive species of green algae, cryptomonads, rotifers and Cladocera (e.g. Bosmina longirostris) is explained by the occurrence of dormant stages or by survival of individuals in very low abundances. Analogous to the enclosure experiment, three reservoirs showed significantly (p < 0.01) falling trends of chlorophyll a and phytoplankton biovolume, mainly due to the decline of dinoflagellates. Picoplankton and diatoms increased slightly in two reservoirs. The zooplankton communities were dominated by rotifers and small Cladocera. Representatives of the genus Daphnia were lacking. Two reservoirs were re-colonized by zooplanktivorous fish populations of either perch (Perca fluviatilis) or sunbleak (Leucaspius delineatus). The latter exhibited extremely high fluctuating abundance and biomass and even suffered from a population crash. This natural mortality was caused by a limited food supply. Hence, severe top-down control may delay the recovery of larger zooplankton species like daphnids. Fishery management comprising the introduction of predatory fishes can help to control zooplanktivorous fish populations and to prevent their mass mortality.     

我国上市公司资产负债率偏低的原因解析

我国上市公司的资产负债率大大低于美英等七国的平均水平,具有很强的股权融资偏好。形成这种状况的原因有政策方面、融资成本原因和公司治理结构方面等。股权融资偏好能够带来很大的金融风险。     

高校集中采购权力的监督与制约

高校实行集中采购,将竞争机制引入了公共支出使用过程,有利于提高资金的使用效益,但由于资金数额大,权力过于集中,为了避免在反腐败的同时产生新的问题,必须加强对采购权力的监控。     

中国股票市场综合效应与消费需求变动分析

本文首先研究股票市场影响消费需求的综合效应;在此基础上对中国股票市场促进消费需求的条件和障碍进行分析,并提出了发展股票市场促进消费需求的几条对策.     

我国大麻哈鱼资源及其保护途径

大麻哈鱼是我国黑龙江和吉林两省特产的经济鱼类，近２０年来资源明显衰退．本文根据多年一系列实地调查研究，论述了目前我国境内３种大麻哈鱼的自然分布、经济价值、资源特征与现状，分析了资源衰退原因及其开发利用中所存在的问题，初步提出资源保护途径。     

黄土高原地区农林牧业生态系统中主要灾害及减灾对策

农林牧业在黄土高原地区国民经济发展中占有十分重要的位置。本文根据全区的生态特点,对农业系统的生态环境恶化的几种主要形式进行了分析,同时提出了农林牧业整体建设的综合整治对策。     

我国稻谷供给与消费平衡的时空格局

论文基于城市和农村人口大米消费量、稻谷加工产品产量、猪及家禽等产品出栏量、单位面积种子用量等估算了2000—2014年我国稻谷消费的变化,分析了不同省份稻谷的供需平衡关系。研究结果显示：我国稻谷人均表观消费量显著高于世界水平;2000—2014年稻谷供需从紧平衡甚至个别年度供不应求的状态逐渐过渡到供需盈余;我国稻谷以口粮消费为主,但消费比重减少明显,工业和饲料消费比重增加;2014年我国稻谷库存消费比接近70%,10 a库存增加了2.72倍;我国2/3的省份（21个）稻谷供需难以自足,仅10个省份稻谷能够自足,5个省份稻谷供需盈余量在300万t以上。为去库存,应坚定推进水稻的市场化改革;为保障区域稻谷等口粮的需求,应加强省际之间粮食流通体制机制的研究。     

弹用O型硅橡胶密封圈失效机理及模型

目的利用日常收集到的使用数据来判断密封圈寿命,为预测弹药寿命提供依据。方法分析O型圈故障模式,引入了故障率经验公式。规范化O型密封圈的故障率公式,导出综合考虑了密封圈尺寸、接触应力与密封圈硬度、流体黏度、温度的密封圈故障率模型,并用算例验证这一模型的有效性。结果 O形硅胶密封圈的主要故障模式是泄漏,导出了综合考虑各因素后的密封圈故障率模型,并用该模型准确算出了某弹药的寿命。结论文中导出的故障率模型对于在弹药保障工作中评估某些种类弹药储存期限有借鉴意义。