面向导弹延寿的冲压发动机加速贮存试验方法

目的更为真实地反映自然贮存环境对某型导弹冲压发动机寿命的影响,研究综合环境应力加速贮存试验方法。方法为了符合自然环境的年变化规律,设计1个周期的综合环境应力加速贮存试验能够等效产品自然贮存1年,每个周期的加速贮存试验包括低温冷冻、高低温交变加速、高温高湿加速、高温老化4部分。采用加速模型估计出每段加速试验的加速因子,进而依据自然贮存环境测试数据折算出加速试验谱。结果所提方法提高了冲压发动机加速贮存试验的科学性与准确性。结论研究工作为高效完成导弹冲压发动机贮存延寿任务提供了可行的工程方法。     

加速贮存寿命试验及可靠性评估

目的针对工程实际中设备在贮存期间遭受的环境应力种类繁多,而常用的贮存加速寿命试验往往只考虑单应力,不能反映产品真实环境应力问题,提出综合应力下的步退应力加速贮存寿命试验方法。方法设备级电子产品由于其组成结构复杂,失效模式难以确定,引入反映综合应力的可靠性增长理论,对试验数据采用Duane模型进行增长趋势检验,得到加速因子和加速模型,进一步得出正常应力下的设备寿命。结果综合环境下步退应力加速贮存寿命试验方法可综合考虑各环境应力对设备寿命的影响,采用可靠性增长理论评估可有效评估失效模式复杂的设备寿命特征。结论该方法可以综合考虑各环境应力对设备的影响,更能反应设备的振动环境条件,采用可靠性增长理论对加速试验进行评估可避免因失效模式不明确而无法评估的弊端。     

城市化过程及其绿地储碳研究——以上海“城-郊-乡”样带为例

城市化会影响城市生态系统的结构和功能,基于航空遥感影像,选取了上海市典型的"城-郊-乡"样带,利用地理信息系统(ArcGIS9.3)和景观格局分析(Frastates3.3)软件,选用6个城市化指标,基于主成分分析(PCA)和多元线性回归分析,在对研究区域城市化水平进行评估的基础上,结合植物相关生长方程和城市绿地冠层面积,对研究区域绿地系统碳储量的空间分异性进行研究。结果表明:(1)所选用的城市化物理指标和景观指数,能够快速地用于评估城市化水平;(2)"城-郊-乡"样带上,总的碳储量为4 475 410.7 Mg C,碳密度为71.1Mg C/hm2;(3)城市绿地系统碳储量空间分异性明显,绿地碳储量大小表现为城市化水平高的市中心、城市化水平相对较高的郊区以及城市化水平最低的乡村依次升高,主要原因是由于市中心绿地分散且面积较小,而在农村和郊区其面积较大的生产绿地较多。     

2006年长江特枯径流特征及其原因初探

2006年长江流域出现了百年罕见的特大枯水,对长江流域用水和生态环境都产生了深远影响。使用2006年长江干支流主要水文站水情资料和长江流域气象资料,并同时考虑了三峡蓄水的影响,分析了2006年长江径流过程特征及其原因。研究发现,2006年长江径流量减少主要是汛期径流量显著减少所致,表现出“汛期特枯”的特点。径流量和水位最大降幅都出现在8~9月份,各站径流量最大减幅都超过50％,水位汛期也有显著下降。洞庭湖、汉江与历史同期相比,汛期来水也明显偏小;而鄱阳湖来水略丰,对干流枯水起到一定的缓和作用。7、8月份长江上游区（特别是屏山至宜昌区间）降水少气温高是形成长江汛期特枯的主要原因。气象变化与径流变化存在较好的对应关系。三峡蓄水使2006年10月宜昌站径流量减少了一半左右,而对10~11月大通径流减少影响率为187％。     

长江中上游防护林体系森林植被碳贮量及固碳潜力估算

基于“八五”期间长江中上游流域各省的森林资源调查资料，结合经典的材积源生物量法估算了长江中上游防护林体系生物量碳密度和碳贮量，并根据不同树种生物量-生产力回归关系推算了该地区当前的固碳潜力。结果表明：长江中上游地区森林平均碳密度为2575 t/hm2；碳贮量为1 39459 Tg (1 Tg = 1012 g)，其中林分（包括经济林）碳贮量为1 20430 Tg，灌木林为13437 Tg，竹林为5592 Tg，三者分别占总碳贮量的8636%、963%和401%。整个防护林体系森林植被的固碳潜力为36856 Tg/a。位于本区西部的四川盆地嘉陵江流域和西部高山峡谷区，其森林碳密度、碳贮量和固碳潜力较高，而东部地区的川鄂山地长江干流、鄱阳湖水系以及洞庭湖水系相对较低，因此，长江中上游森林碳密度、碳贮量和固碳潜力总体上呈现自西向东逐渐降低的趋势。     

基于事故树分析法的气膜式储煤棚消防安全风险分析

为了降低气膜式储煤棚的消防安全风险,运用事故树分析方法对导致气膜式储煤棚发生火灾的相关因素进行分析,绘制出气膜式储煤棚火灾事故树,计算出最小割集、最小径集以及基本事件的结构重要度,并对它们进行研究分析,最后结合分析结果提出相关意见与建议,为煤矿储运企业进行火灾防控提供一定的参考。     

Investigations on the Packed Bed for High-Temperature Thermal Energy Storage

Modeling and experimental studies were performed on a packed bed for high-temperature energy storage using Zirconium oxide pellets as the storage material. This is an advanced ceramic material that can withstand corrosion and high temperatures. Model predictions compare favorably with experimental results. Zirconium oxide demonstrated great potential as thermal energy storage material. More energy was recovered from the bed in the opposite direction than in the direction used during storage. The gas inlet temperature to the bed showed dominant influence on the uncertainty in the model predictions, implying that special attention should be paid to the measurement of this temperature.     

Cultured amniotic fluid cells for prenatal diagnosis of lysosomal storage disorders: A methodological study

The influence of culture conditions on the ultrastructure and enzyme activities of amniotic fluid cells are reported. Morphological changes were determined as a function of the number of lysosomal-like inclusion bodies per cell, and these results correlated to the activity of Thiexosaminidase, a-mannosidase, β-glucuronidase, arylsulphatase C and 5′ nucleotidase. The parameters examined were pH of the culture media, type of media, increasing cell passage and day of harvest. Our results indicate that enzyme activities are less sensitive to changes in culture conditions as compared to ultrastructural changes. We therefore recommend that in order to obtain reliable ultrastructural results for the diagnosis of storage disorders, cultures should be grown in MEM as the culture medium, the pH of the medium carefully monitored to remain below pH 7·4, examining the cultures no later than the eighth cell passage and no later than the 10th day after subculture.     

Measurement and Modelling of Ammonia Emissions at Waste Treatment Lagoon-Atmospheric Interface

Global emissions of ammonia are approximately 75 Tg N/yr (1 Tg =10¹²g). The major global source is excreta from domestic animals ( 32 Tg N ^-1yr^-1). Waste storage and treatment lagoonsare used to treat the excreta of hogs in North Carolina (NC). Proteins and nitrogen rich compounds in the lagoon are convertedto ammonia, through a series of biological and chemical transformations. The process of ammonia emission has been investigated using two different model approaches: (1) CoupledMass Transfer with Chemical Reaction Model (Model I), and (2)Mass Transport without Chemical Reaction Model (Model II). Asensitivity analysis is performed with the models, and the modelresults are compared with ammonia emission experiments at a swinewaste storage and treatment lagoon in NC using a dynamic emissionflux chamber.Results of model predictions of emission flux indicate an exponential increase in ammonia flux with increasing lagoontemperature and pH, a linear increase with increasing lagoontotal ammoniacal nitrogen (TAN), and a secondary degree increasewith the increasing wind speed. In addition, the fluxes predictedby Model I are consistently larger than fluxes predicted by Model II. Experimental values of flux agreed well with model predictions, with the experimental values lying in different positions between the two model predictions under different physical and chemical conditions. Further, when compared to diurnal and seasonal experimental flux values, Model I corroborates the results in calm meteorological conditions (windspeed U10 = 1.5 m s^-1). However, the observed results are better predicted by Model II during unstable conditions, when wind speeds are higher than 2.0 m s^-1 and physical transfer process functions dominate.     

Phytoremediation of Soil Polluted by Nickel Using Agricultural Crops

Soil pollution due to heavy metals is widespread; on the world scale, it involves about 235 million hectares. The objectives of this research were to establish the uptake efficiency of nickel by some agricultural crops. In addition, we wanted to establish also in which part of plants the metal is stored for an eventual use of biomass or for recycling the metal. The experiments included seven herbaceous crops such as: barley (Hordeum vulgaris), cabbage (Brassica juncea), spinach (Spinacea oleracea), sorghum (Sorgum vulgare), bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), and ricinus (Ricinus communis). We used three levels of treatment (150, 300, and 600 ppm) and one control. At the end of the biological cycle of the crops, the different parts of plants, i.e., roots, stems, leaves, fruits, or seeds, were separately collected, oven dried, weighed, milled, and separately analysed. The leaves and stems of spinach showed a very good nickel storage capacity. The ricinus too proved to be a very good nickel storer. The ability of spinach and ricinus to store nickel was observed also in the leaves of cabbage, even if with a lower storage capacity. The bean, barley, and tomato, in decreasing order of uptake and storage capacity, showed a high concentration of nickel in leaves and stems, whereas the sorghum evidenced a lesser capacity to uptake and store nickel in leaves and stems. The bean was the most efficient in storing nickel in fruits or grains. Tomato, sorghum, and barley have shown a storage capacity notably less than bean. The bean appeared to be the most efficient in accumulating nickel in the roots, followed in decreasing order by sorghum, ricinus, and tomato. With regard to the removal of nickel, spinach was the most efficient as it contains the highest level of this metal per gram of dry matter. The ricinus, cabbage, bean, sorghum, barley, and tomato evidenced a progressively decreasing efficiency in the removal of nickel.