Experimental determination of dust cloud combustion parameters of α-AlH3 powder in its charged and fully discharged states for H2 storage applications

This study discusses results of an experimental program for determination of dust cloud combustion parameters of charged and fully discharged states of metastable alane (aluminum hydride, α-AlH₃ polymorph) powder in air. The measured characterization parameters include: maximum deflagration pressure rise (ΔP_MAX), maximum rate of pressure rise (dP/dt)_MAX, minimum ignition temperature (T_C), minimum explosible concentration (MEC), and minimum ignition energy (MIE). These measured values are used for calculating the associated explosion severity (ES) index, and volume-normalized maximum rate of pressure rise (K_St). The experimental results show values of MEC and T_C of fully discharged alane to be greater than those of the charged alane but measured MIE values are about the same. Moreover, the results show higher reactivity of fully discharged alane dust cloud in air compared to its charged state. For example, ES and K_St of discharged alane dust cloud in air are about 300% and 35% greater, respectively, than ES and K_St of charged alane dust. The higher air reactivity of fully-discharged (primarily Al powder) dust cloud compared to its charged state can be attributed to the higher surface energy (J/m²) of Al compared to that of α-AlH₃. These experimental insights have safety implications in postulated risk scenarios involving light-duty vehicles powered by PEM fuel cells. The core insights and critical data provided by this contribution are useful for supporting development and promulgation of hydrogen safety standards and augmenting property databases of hydrogen storage materials.     

某型末制导炮弹控制舱贮存加速寿命试验应力研究

目的研究某型末制导炮弹控制舱贮存加速寿命试验应力类型。方法在明确某型末制导炮弹控制舱结构特征的基础上,逐一对各部组件进行失效模式及失效机理分析,归纳出影响控制舱失效的主要应力类型。结果影响末制导炮弹控制舱贮存可靠度的主要环境应力是温度和湿度。结论选取温度做单应力加速寿命试验。     

WATER LOSSES ALONG A REACH OF THE PECOS RIVER IN NEW MEXICO1

ABSTRACT: A reach of the Pecos River, located in eastern New Mexico, was examined to evaluate losses of river flows due to evaporation, seepage, and transpiration. An accurate assessment of the water losses along this reach is critical for determining how water rights are adjudicated for water users in the Pecos basin and interstate compact accounting. Water losses significantly impact flows through critical habitat for species protected under the Endangered Species Act. Daily losses of river flows were analyzed for the study reach that extends from immediately below the Pecos River confluence with Taiban Creek to the United States Geological Survey (USGS) gage near Acme. The analysis was completed with consideration for other processes including flood wave travel times and attenuation along with stream bank storage and returns. The analysis was completed using daily stream flow data from USGS gages located along the study reach. Empirical seasonal functions were developed to relate flow loss to the flow rate in the river. The functions were ultimately developed to provide a method for comparing the effects of different river flows on the available water supply.     

Ex-ante environmental assessments of novel technologies - Improved caprolactam catalysis and hydrogen storage

Utrecht University has conducted a pilot sustainability assessment for the executive board of the chemistry program ACTS (Advanced Chemical Technologies for Sustainability) of the Netherlands’ Organization for Scientific Research (NWO). These assessments represent prospective, i.e. ’ex-ante’ studies on the production of caprolactam by an improved catalyst and on different hydrogen storage options (i.e. compressed and liquefied hydrogen, storage in metal hydrides and storage in a metal organic framework). The pilot sustainability assessments followed the principles of environmental life cycle assessment (LCA), thereby focusing on non-renewable energy use (NREU) and climate change (GWP100). It was found that caprolactam with the novel catalyst has lower impacts than petrochemical caprolactam production from benzene but higher impacts than bio-based caprolactam produced via fermentation. Regarding hydrogen storage, it was found that compressed and liquid hydrogen have the highest impacts. The impacts of the metal hydrides and the metal organic frameworks show by far the lowest environmental impacts. The main reason is that these materials can be reused up to 1500 times (refilling of tank), while for compressing and liquefaction of hydrogen energy is needed each time a tank needs to be refilled. The study demonstrates the successful application of ex-ante technology assessment.     

榆林气田地下储气库建设前期技术研究

榆林气田自2001年投入规模开发以来积累了丰富的地质认识,通过已有的动、静态地质资料和国内外储气库建设的经验,细化地质模型,优选封闭构造体,优化储气库参数,建设一个具有储气量大、安全系数高、经济效益好的储气库,从而满足用气高峰期时下游用户的需求。     

聚烯烃料仓防静电燃爆治理技术的应用

介绍了粉体静电消除技术在聚烯烃料仓的应用,以及料仓采取静电消除措施治理后取得的效果。     

导弹火工品贮存寿命的影响因素分析

以现役某型反舰弹火工品为研究对象,结合其贮存、使用、维护的特点,分析了可能影响贮存寿命的因素.对火工品定寿模式及方法进行了分析,对双因素试验法在火工品定寿方面的优势进行了综述,同时对其过程及模型进行了研究.利用双因素试验法,对某导弹2类火工品定寿的影响因素进行了分析.研究结果表明,温度是火工品贮存寿命最主要的影响因素.     

阿伦尼乌斯公式在弹箭贮存寿命评估中的应用

以某型号导弹舵机橡胶密封材料为例,阐述了弹箭贮存寿命定量评估的方法,分析了科学确定失效判据的重要性,介绍了自然环境试验和实验室加速老化试验在弹箭贮存寿命定量评估中的应用.重点论述了阿伦尼乌斯公式应用于弹箭贮存寿命定量评估的本质,详细说明了阿伦尼乌斯公式适用的反应及温度,强调了应用阿伦尼乌斯公式定量评估弹箭贮存寿命必须进...     

Political commitment to CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> capture and storage: evidence from government RD&;D budgets

For CO₂ capture and storage (CCS) to succeed as a mitigation strategy, political commitment is one of several prerequisites. This article offers an appraisal of political commitment to a CCS strategy among high-income countries in Europe and North America: Which governments are committed, and what particular interests and concerns do they seek to accommodate by supporting CCS? In order to answer these questions, new data are reported on government CCS research, development and demonstration (RD&;D) budgets. RD&;D budgets divided by GDP is used as an indicator of political commitment, and explanations are sought for cross-national differences. The analysis shows that fossil fuels reserves and extraction within a country has a very strong bearing on funding levels. Likely explanations include the potential for combining CCS with enhanced resource recovery. All large economies (population >50 million) have a funding program. The smaller states that provide funding (Norway, Canada, the Netherlands) have the highest funding levels relative to GDP. These findings suggest that high-income petroleum producing countries are likely to be leaders in promoting CCS and a favorable regulatory environment. The fact that all large, high-income countries in the two regions now display some interest in CCS further improves its political outlook.     

热重点斜法快速评估氟硅橡胶贮存寿命

阐述了热重点斜法（TPS）的基本原理。利用热重分析法求算出氟硅橡胶的功能性活化能E,同时开展373.15 K下热空气老化试验,然后参照JB/T 1544-1999计算氟硅橡胶贮存寿命,并对热重点斜法提出了分析和讨论。