屋面雨水不同储水形式的水质演变及微生物种群特性

储水水质安全保障是提高雨水资源储用效率的关键,而屋面雨水是雨水储存利用的最佳场景. 研究通过长期监测屋面雨水储存过程中水质演变,构建不同储水材料（PE、玻璃）和不同DO调控模式（密封、曝气）的储水形式,采用16S rRNA微生物多样性测序技术和环境因子关联性等分析方法,探明微生物代谢作用下的水质变化特征以及潜在的利用健康风险. 结果表明, 储水过程中COD的降解主要发生于前10 d,同时营养盐也主要依赖微生物的代谢作用进行转化. 不同储水形式下水质变化特征存在差异,传统PE储水材料会促进部分致病性黄色杆菌属（Xanthobacter）的繁殖,链格孢霉属（Alternaria）、葡萄穗霉属（Stachybotrys）和枝孢霉属（Cladosporium）等与DO和pH呈负相关. 曝气有利于降低细菌、真菌的丰度,而密封储水方式有利于抑制军团菌等病原菌的增长.     

纯化方式和保存条件对改性落叶松单宁絮凝性的影响

选择一种典型植物多酚——落叶松单宁,研究了纯化方式和保存条件对改性植物多酚絮凝性的影响,通过测定相对黏度和红外谱图分析稳定性变化的原因.对于1 g.L-1的高岭土模拟水样,未纯化落叶松单宁改性后的最佳投加量为10 mg.L-1;经过抽滤、萃取、离心后的纯化样,改性后最佳投加量降低到1 mg.L-1,且以液体或固体形式在4℃或25℃条件下保存30 d后仍具有较好絮凝性;而只经抽滤、离心,未经萃取的纯化样,其改性产物只有保存于4℃才有絮凝性;只经抽滤、萃取,未经离心或只经抽滤的纯化样,对应改性产物只有以固体形式在4℃保存才有絮凝性.以4℃保存的固体样相对黏度变化最小,且相对黏度的变化越小,絮凝性能的稳定性越强.红外结果显示,落叶松单宁中含有大量的酚羟基基团,改性后,叔胺基团加成到芳环上,但保存前后红外谱图变化不大.     

1987-2008年南四湖湿地植被碳储量时空变化特征

利用研究区1987、1997和2008年的LandsatTM／ETM＋卫星遥感数据,结合实地采样调查和收集的资料,计算3个时期山东省南四湖湿地各植被类型的面积和碳储量;同时依照不同覆被类型（植被类型）的平均碳储量将各覆被类型的斑块划分为不同储碳等级,绘制3个时期的南四湖湿地植被碳格局图,分析植被碳储量的时空变化特征、变化产生的原因和变化对湿地的潜在影响。研究结果表明：研究前期（1987年）植被储碳格局存在着明显的植被碳储量以湖南北中心线向两岸增大的带状特征,研究中后期（1997-2008年）带状储碳格局不断破碎化并最终消失。整个研究期高储碳等级的斑块面积不断减小,低储碳等级的斑块面积增加。湿地植被碳储量呈现前期基本稳定后期显著减少的特征,1987、1997和2008年湿地植被碳储量均值分别为1．07、1．08和O．64TgC,1987-1997年湿地植被碳储量平均年增加0．001TgC,变化幅度不大;1997-2008年年减少0．04TgC,下降较明显。其中自然植被碳储量在整个研究期内持续减少,人工植被碳储量呈现先增加后减少的波动变化特征,分析认为这一变化特征产生的主要原因是南四湖地区多因子驱动的土地覆被变化活动。通过区域湿地植被的碳平衡动态分析认为,植被碳储量（碳库）的减少可能会导致整个湿地碳储量的入不敷出,使整个湿地碳汇能力下降甚至可能变为碳源。     

Safeguarding Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services in the Little Karoo,South Africa

Abstract: Global declines in biodiversity and the widespread degradation of ecosystem services have led to urgent calls to safeguard both. Responses to this urgency include calls to integrate the needs of ecosystem services and biodiversity into the design of conservation interventions. The benefits of such integration are purported to include improvements in the justification and resources available for these interventions. Nevertheless, additional costs and potential trade‐offs remain poorly understood in the design of interventions that seek to conserve biodiversity and ecosystem services. We sought to investigate the synergies and trade‐offs in safeguarding ecosystem services and biodiversity in South Africa's Little Karoo. We used data on three ecosystem services—carbon storage, water recharge, and fodder provision—and data on biodiversity to examine several conservation planning scenarios. First, we investigated the amount of each ecosystem service captured incidentally by a conservation plan to meet targets for biodiversity only while minimizing opportunity costs. We then examined the costs of adding targets for ecosystem services into this conservation plan. Finally, we explored trade‐offs between biodiversity and ecosystem service targets at a fixed cost. At least 30% of each ecosystem service was captured incidentally when all of biodiversity targets were met. By including data on ecosystem services, we increased the amount of services captured by at least 20% for all three services without additional costs. When biodiversity targets were reduced by 8%, an extra 40% of fodder provision and water recharge were obtained and 58% of carbon could be captured for the same cost. The opportunity cost (in terms of forgone production) of safeguarding 100% of the biodiversity targets was about US$500 million. Our results showed that with a small decrease in biodiversity target achievement, substantial gains for the conservation of ecosystem services can be achieved within our biodiversity priority areas for no extra cost.     

几种不同更新的森林群落碳储量结构特征分析

森林更新是维持和扩大森林资源的主要途径,也是森林结构调整、森林可持续经营和构建多功能高效的森林生态系统的过程。在安徽南部的岭南林场,选择了马尾松（Pinus massoniana Lamb）人工林（MP）、杉木（Cunninghamia lanceolata）人工林（CF）、阔叶混交天然次生林（MB）和针阔混交人工次生林（MN）等4种具有典型代表性的森林群落类型,研究了不同更新方式形成的森林群落的碳储量结构特征。结果表明：（1）针阔混交次生林树干生物量密度最大,为（67.32±56.57）mg.hm-2,杉木人工林生物量密度最小,为（43.79±9.13）mg.hm-2,而马尾松树干生物量所占比例最大,为（64.04±1.49）%。阔叶混交次生林碳储量最高,为（126.47±90.75）mg.hm-2;（2）4种群落类型中,阔叶混交林与马尾松群落碳密度最大,分别为95.67和98.21mg.hm-2,杉木群落碳密度最小,为55.41 mg.hm-2。阔叶混交林中的灌木层生物量碳密度最大,为（17.438±24.627）mg hm-2,马尾松林的草本层和枯落层生物量碳密度最高,分别为（1.326±0.431）、（5.517±2.846）mg.hm-2;（3）阔叶混交林群落的地下碳储量最高,为（10.5±9.8）mg.hm-2,群落地下碳储量从大到小的顺序是阔叶混交林〉针阔混交林〉杉木林〉马尾松林。相应的群落地上碳储量从大到小的顺序是阔叶混交林〉针阔混交林〉马尾松林〉杉木林。杉木林根茎比（R/S）最大,为0.21±0.01,杉木林群落中的灌木层根茎比（R/S）最大,为1.61±0.11;（4）在阔叶混交林中,株数密度与乔木层、草本层的碳比例正相关。在杉木林群落中,平均胸径、株数密度与乔木层碳所占比例成负相关。除杉木林群落外,灌木层碳含量之比与胸径及密度等调查因子都呈负相关。     

TRANSIENT STORAGE ASSESSMENTS OF DYE‐TRACER INJECTIONS IN RIVERS OF THE WILLAMETTE BASIN,OREGON1

ABSTRACT: Rhodamine WT dye‐tracer injections in rivers of the Willamette Basin yield concentration‐time curves with characteristically long recession times suggestive of active transient storage processes. The scale of drainage areas contributing to the stream reaches studied in the Willamette Basin ranges from 10 to 12,000 km². A transient storage assessment of the tracer studies has been completed using the U.S. Geological Survey's One‐dimensional Transport with Inflow and Storage (OTIS) model, which incorporates storage exchange and decay functions along with the traditional dispersion and advection transport equation. The analysis estimates solute transport of the dye. It identifies first‐order decay coefficients to be on the order of 10^?5/sec for the nonconservative Rhodamine W.T. On an individual subreach basis, the first‐order decay is slower (typically by an order of magnitude) than the transient storage process, indicating that nonconservative tracers may be used to evaluate transient storage in rivers. In the transient storage analysis, a dimensionless parameter (A_s/A) expresses the spatial extent of storage zone area relative to stream cross section. In certain reaches of Willamette Basin pool‐and‐riffle, gravel‐bed rivers, this parameter was as large as 0.5. A measure of the storage exchange flux was calculated for each stream subreach in the simulation analysis. This storage exchange is shown subjectively to be higher at higher stream discharges. Hyporheic linkage between streams and subsurface flows is the probable physical mechanism contributing to a significant part of this inferred active transient storage. Hyporheic linkages are further suggested by detailed measurements of river discharge with an Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler system delineating zones in two large rivers where water alternately enters and leaves the surface channels through gravel‐and‐cobble riverbeds. Measurements show patterns of hyporheic exchange that are highly variable in time and space.     

颗粒污泥膜生物反应器同步硝化反硝化

在本实验条件下,厌氧-好氧序批式颗粒污泥膜生物反应器(GMBR)处理人工配水,结果表明,GMBR具有良好的有机物去除及脱氮效果,当进水TOC及氨氮分别为160.9～308.4mg/L、29.8～83.6mg/L时,GMBR的TOC、氨氮及总氮去除率分别为65.7%～98.6%、85.4%～98.9%及66.1%～95.1%.对于GMBR典型周期TOC、胞内聚β-羟基丁酸(PHB)、氨氮、硝酸盐氮及亚硝酸盐氮变化进行分析,结果表明,有机物主要在厌氧阶段去除并以胞内多聚物PHB形式储存,氨氮在好氧阶段经由同步硝化反硝化(SND)去除,并且反硝化碳源主要来自胞内储存物质PHB.以外源溶解性基质及胞内储存物质为碳源的批式实验表明,以外源基质为碳源的缺氧反硝化速率为胞内储存物质的4.2倍;以外源基质及胞内PHB为碳源的好氧SND效率分别为49.9%、82.5%.胞内储存物质PHB的慢速降解特性使得硝化与反硝化过程能够同步进行.     

A new strategy for obtaining highly concentrated phosphorus recovery solution in biofilm phosphorus recovery process

Recovery of phosphorus（P） from wastewater is of great significance for alleviating the shortage of P resources. At present, the P recovery process is faced with the problem of excessive organic carbon consumption when obtaining a P-concentrated recovery solution. This study proposed a new strategy to obtain a more highly concentrated P recovery solution with minimal carbon consumption by strengthening the P storage capacity of the biofilm. A biofilm sequencing batch reactor（BSBR） process was mod...     

某导弹战斗部装药贮存寿命评定

目的 针对导弹战斗部装药恒定应力加速寿命试验数据,开展装药贮存寿命评定研究。方法 采用装药样品在61、71、81℃等3个温度下的加速老化数据,以样品质量损失率达到临界质量损失率为装药失效依据,评定装药贮存寿命。根据装药加速寿命试验数据特点,优选平方根模型、线性模型、逆威布尔模型、幂函数模型和乘方模型等5种模型对装药质量损失率的数据进行拟合,采用拟合优度和工程实际相结合的方法,确定合理的分布函数,评定战斗部装药贮存寿命。结果 编制计算程序对某导弹战斗部装药加速寿命试验数据进行了处理,根据拟合优度和工程实际,认为乘方模型（0.9方,呈近线性）最佳,评定装药贮存寿命为22 a。结论 通过加速试验数据得出某导弹战斗部装药贮存寿命符合新引入的近线性模型,优于平方根模型和线性模型。     

基于优化算法的弹药贮存寿命预测方法

目的 实现对缺失及不足的制导弹药贮存失效数据预测及补充的能力。方法 首先通过4种不同的预测算法（GA-BP、PSO-BP、GA-SVM、PSO-SVM）,对自然贮存条件下弹药贮存失效数据进行预测,其次根据最小二乘拟合法,实现弹药贮存寿命评估模型的构建,再通过寿命评估模型,计算出不同方法下对应的贮存寿命。结果 通过不同模型的构建,4种预测方法与无优化条件下均能实现弹药贮存失效数据的预测,并且在规定可靠度,GA-BP和PSO-BP预测精度比另外2种方法更低。结论 GA-SVM与PSO-SVM更适合弹药贮存失效数据的预测,且效果更好。