MANAGEMENT OF FLOOD CONTROL SUMPS AND POLLUTANT TRANSPORT1

ABSTRACT: Levee sump systems are used by many riverine communities for temporary storage of urban wet weather flows. The hydrologic performance and transport of stormwater pollutants in sump systems, however, have not been systematically studied. The objective of this paper is to present a case study to demonstrate development and application of a procedure for assessing the hydraulic performance of flood control sumps in an urban watershed. Two sumps of highly variable physical and hydraulic characteristics were selected for analysis. A hydrologic modeling package was used to estimate the flow hydrograph for each outfall as part of the flow balance for the sump. To validate these results, a water balance was used to estimate the total runoff using sump operational data. The hydrologic model calculations provide a satisfactory estimate of the total runoff and its time‐distribution to the sump. The model was then used to estimate pollutant loads to the sump and to the river. Although flow of stormwater through a sump system is regulated solely by flood‐control requirements, these sumps may function as sedimentation basins that provide purification of stormwater. A sample calculation of removals of several conventional pollutants in the target sumps using a mass balance approach is presented.     

流域地表生态信息的卫星遥感图像处理技术

以福建省九龙江流域为例,利用计算机技术和遥感-GIS工具软件,探讨利用多源卫星遥感影像获取流域地表环境信息的图像处理与分析技术,列举卫星遥感可获取的流域地表生态环境专题信息。重点分析利用遥感-GIS界定流域范围的方法、流域地表覆盖状况和植被覆盖密度的卫星遥感影像处理方法。      

Combined steam distillation and electrochemical peroxidation (ECP) treatment of river sediment contaminated by PCBs

A combined treatment process utilizing steam distillation followed by electrochemical peroxidation (ECP) has been utilized to remove >90% of the polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in St. Lawrence River sediment and destroy 95% of the PCBs recovered in the condensate. 2 l of condensate were collected by boiling 500 grams of sediment containing 4.3 mg PCBs. Most of the PCBs (82.3%) were recovered as a small volume (<1 ml) of yellow oil floating on the condensate and coating glassware surfaces. The aqueous phase PCBs (182 μg/l) were destroyed (95%) by three sequential ECP treatments at 16.8°C and pH 5, utilizing 1 ml of H₂O₂ (3%) and periodically reversed current (0.75–1.0 A @ 10 volts). Oxidation is primarily mediated by hydroxyl radicals produced by the reaction of hydrogen peroxide with electrochemically generated ferrous iron (Fenton's reagent). This work suggests steam extraction, in combination with advanced oxidation technologies, provides an effective treatment strategy for contaminated solids.     

长江三角洲河流污染现状及变化趋势

长江三角洲是我国最大的经济核心区,随着该区内城市化步伐的加快和工业化程度的提高,区内绝大部分河流已遭到日益严重的污染.笔者根据长江三角洲地区河流水质历年监测资料,并结合实验室实测数据和实地考察,简要地分析了该地区主要河流水质现状,初步揭示了该地区河流污染的空间分布特征以及时间变化趋势,以期为该地区河流污染的综合治理以及环境保护的可持续发展提供科学的依据.      

胡杨生理指标对塔里木河下游生态输水的响应

根据塔里木河下游受生态输水影响的断面和未受输水影响断面的胡杨生理指标脯氨酸、脱落酸和叶片含水量的变化,就胡杨生理指标对生态输水的响应进行了初步分析.结果显示:①在受到生态输水影响的断面,胡杨叶相对含水量增加,脯氨酸、脱落酸因水分条件的好转而分解降低;在未受到生态输水影响的断面,因为干旱胁迫程度的加重,胡杨叶相对含水量减少,脯氨酸、脱落酸因积累而增加.②在生态输水前,胡杨生理指标总体上与地下水位变化相一致,即:随着地下水位的降低,胡杨脯氨酸和脱落酸水平增加;随地下水位的升高,脯氨酸和脱落酸水平有降低的趋势.③从个别数据的异常看,在塔里木河下游,当地下水位较低时,地下水位的升降仅是影响胡杨干旱胁迫的一个因子.因此,在塔里木河下游开展的生态输水工程,对该区胡杨生长的影响非常显著,它在一定程度上缓解了胡杨水分的亏缺,减轻了干旱胁迫程度.      

Biochemical composition and early diagenesis of organic matter in coastal sediments of the NW Adriatic Sea influenced by riverine inputs

River inputs influence trophodynamic and biogeochemical processes of adjacent continental shelves. In order to provide new insights on the influence of continental inputs on the benthic trophic state and early diagenesis of sediment organic matter we collected surface sediments in the NW Adriatic Sea at three stations located at increasing distance from the Po River. Sediment samples were collected in four periods characterized by different river outflows and analysed for chloropigment content (chlorophyll-a and phaeopygments), protein, carbohydrate and lipid concentrations, prokaryote abundance and aminopeptidase activity. Sediments of the NW Adriatic Sea displayed high organic loads, tightly coupled with the outflow dynamics of the Po River. A major flooding event was responsible of an enhanced accumulation of organic material on the sea bottom. The resulting increased nutrient load in the sediment impaired organic matter degradation processes. The results of the present study suggest that the enhanced trophic state of marine coastal sediments subjected to riverine inputs are related not only to the increased nutrient inputs, but that they may be amplified by impaired degradation processes.     

Assessment of Flood Vulnerability Based on CMIP5 Climate Projections in South Korea

The objective of this article was to assess flood vulnerability based on the representative concentration pathways (RCP) scenarios at city and county levels. A quantile mapping method was adopted to correct bias that is inherent in climate change scenarios. A series of proxy variables related to climate exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity were chosen to assess flood vulnerability. Proxy variables were standardized using the Z‐score method. Principal component analysis was carried out to calculate the weighting of proxy variables. The study area was the Korean peninsula. The spatial resolution was on a city and county basis and the temporal resolution was 1990s, 2025s, 2055s, and 2085s (divided into 1976‐2005, 2011‐2040, 2041‐2070, and 2071‐2100). In the spatial comparison, we found that the areas with high‐level flood vulnerability increased over time in the central region, including metropolitan areas, and near the southern coast. In the temporal comparison, we found that the RCP4.5 scenario showed a tendency to increase steadily and the RCP8.5 scenario showed a tendency to decrease in the 2055s slightly and increase again in the 2085s. The study findings may provide useful data for the determination of priority for countermeasure development, though robustness of these findings with additional future projections should be established.     

人类活动影响下的黄河流域水资源演化规律初探

应用分布式流域水文模型WEP-L模型初步分析了人类活动影响下的黄河水资源演化规律。通过2000年现状下垫面条件下的评价结果与历史系列条件下的评价结果比较,以及考虑与不考虑人工取用水条件下的模拟结果比较,初步发现:黄河流域在强烈的人类活动影响下,水资源量及其构成均发生了显著变化,地表水资源量衰减,而不重复地下水量增加;在狭义水资源衰减的同时,伴随着有效蒸散即降水有效利用的增加,流域广义水资源量有一定幅度增加。研究成果对黄河的治理规划和水安全战略具有参考价值。     

利用EP/TOMS遥感资料分析我国上空沙尘天气过程

利用EP/TOMS卫星遥感资料,并结合地面气象观测记录,分析了影响我国典型沙尘暴天气的发生、发展和传输过程.定义了使用EP/TOMS气溶胶指数定量描述沙尘天气强度的指标体系,并对1998年3-4月间发生的沙尘天气的强度及其演变进行了详细的分析.结果表明:利用EP/TOMS 气溶胶指数并结合气象观测资料,可以对大规模的沙尘天气进行及时判别、监视,并预报影响范围及传输路径;同时,利用TOMS气溶胶指数建立起来的指标体系可以半定量化地描述沙尘暴天气的强度和影响范围.      

中国北方城市内河水资源综合利用与调配方案研究——以胶州市城市内河为例

内河是城市的重要组成部分,而伴随着快速城镇化进程,城市内河原有的水文、生态节律都受到很大的扰动。针对胶州市水资源量相对有限、水环境质量较差的现状,以河道生态需水量理论为指导,以期通过实施科学的生态补水,逐步恢复城市内河的生态功能与城市景观功能。结果表明,胶州市城市内河以景观功能为主,经测算其生态需水量为36 486.9m3/d,而根据胶州市的相关发展规划,其污水处理厂中水回用能力为5万m3/d,可以满足生态补水工程的需求;根据生态补水工程实施后的污染物入河情况预测,实施生态补水后,胶州市城市内河水质基本达到《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838—2002)Ⅳ类标准,基本可消除水体黑臭等现象。