PTP网络系统在环境工程设计中的应用

本文简要介绍了ＰＴＰ网络系统的组成,并结合开发中心的实际情况详细说明了ＣＡＤ系统在环境工程设计中的具体应用。     

稻麦作物净初级生产力模型研究:模型的建立

以植物生理学、农业气象学和土壤环境学的基本原理为基础 ,建立了稻麦作物净初级生产力模型 .该模型包括 2个主要功能模块 :光合作用和呼吸作用 ;土壤 作物系统氮素运移 .前者综合考虑了环境因子和作物氮含量的影响 ,后者包括了作物氮素吸收、土壤氮矿化和化肥氮释放的动态模拟 .     

数值逼近法在丹东市大气降尘量计算中应用

把被定义区域的污染密度看成一张超曲面,再把该超曲面划分为形状相同相互连结的小单元,如三角形,在每个三角形顶点上设一个监测点,测该点的污染密度,以此来推导任一三角形的污染密度和整个区域的平均污染密度公式。把它应用到大气降尘上,就可求出大气降尘量。为大气降尘量和其他污染密度的计算,提供了一个新的方法。      

Evaluating the potential of biodiversity offsets to achieve net gain

Evaluating the outcomes and tracking the trajectory of biodiversity offsets is essential to demonstrating their effectiveness as a mechanism to conciliate development and conservation. We reviewed the literature to determine the principles that should underpin biodiversity offset planning and the criteria for offset evaluation at the project level. According to the literature, the core principles of equivalence, additionality, and permanence are used as criteria to evaluate conservation outcomes of offsets. We applied the criteria to evaluate offsets of a large iron ore mining project in the Atlantic Forest in Brazil. We examined equivalence in terms of the amount of area per biodiversity value affected and fauna and flora similarity, additionality in terms of landscape connectivity, and permanence in terms of guarantees to ensure protection and restoration offsets lasting outcomes. We found an offset ratio (amount of affected area:offset area) of 1:1.8 for forests and 1:2 for grasslands. Ecological equivalence (i.e., similarity between affected and offset areas) was found for forested areas, but not for ferruginous rupestrian grasslands or for fauna. Landscape metrics showed that connectivity improved relative to the preproject situation as a result of locating restoration offsets in the largest and best-connected forest patch. Permanence of offsets was addressed by establishing covenants and management measures, but financial guarantees to cover maintenance costs after mine closure were lacking. Offsets should be equivalent in type and size, provide conservation outcomes that would not be obtained without them (additionality), and be lasting (permanence). To monitor and evaluate offsets, it is necessary to determine how well these 3 principles are applied in the planning, implementation, and maintenance of offsets. Achieving measurable conservation outcomes from offsets is a long-term endeavor that requires sustained management support, and is information intensive. Thus, offsets require ongoing monitoring and evaluation as well as adaptive management.     

臭氧胁迫对水稻的光合损伤与施氮的缓解作用

利用稻/麦O3-FACE（Ozone-free air controlled enrichment）试验平台,以杂交籼稻汕优63（SY63）和常规籼稻扬稻6（YD6）两个耐性不同的水稻（Oryza sativa L.）品种为材料,根据净光合速率和叶绿素荧光参数指标,研究分蘖期和抽穗期增施氮（N）肥对O3胁迫导致的水稻光合损伤的缓解作用。结果表明：（1）增施N肥可以减轻O3对SY63和YD6净光合速率（Pn）的影响,且前期增施N肥效果更显著。（2）O3升高条件下SY63和YD6的最大光量子效率（Fv/Fm）、实际光量子效率（ΦPSⅡ）和光化学猝灭（qP）有下降趋势,PSⅡ所吸收光能用于光化学部分（P%）减少,热耗散部分（D%）增加;提高施N量可减小O3引起的叶绿素荧光参数的变化幅度,有利于提高光合效率,其中增施分蘖肥的效果较理想。（3）大气O3体积分数升高会降低SY63和YD6的N素总积累量,增施N肥后有上升趋势,且前期施N肥增幅较大。总之增施氮肥在一定程度上可缓解O3对SY63和YD6的光合损伤,且在水稻生长前期增施效果更好。     

基于响应曲面模型的多元复合体系中沉积物吸附阿特拉津的规律

文章建立了阿特拉津（AT）、铜（Cu）、镉（Cd）和马拉硫磷（Ma）四元复合体系中沉积物吸附阿特拉津的BP神经网络模型,模型训练集、验证集、预测集的均方差分别为0.070 3、0.336 0、和0.195 0,模型输入数据与其模拟值相关系数r2=0.841 6。利用所建立的BP神经网络模型构建多元复合体系中沉积物吸附AT的中心复合实验设计并绘制响应曲面模型,结果显示,响应曲面模型可以直观反映多元复合体系中各因素间影响AT吸附的交互作用,AT×Ma的交互作用最大,而除Cu×Cd外,其他两两因素之间的交互作用均呈显著效应,其中,AT×Ma、AT×Cd和Cu×Ma对阿特拉津的吸附产生协同作用,而AT×Cu和Cd×Ma则产生拮抗作用,交互作用占AT吸附量的60.28%,对阿特拉津在沉积物上的吸附影响不可忽略。     

基于遥感信息和净初级生产力的天然橡胶估产模型

建立基于MODIS数据的天然橡胶净初级生产力遥感估算模型,利用2009年生长季(4—12月)250 m分辨率的MODIS数据和气象数据估算海南阳江农场天然橡胶的生长季净初级生产力, 通过天然橡胶的干物质分配率估算阳江农场天然橡胶的产胶潜力。用以树位为单元的地面实际干胶产量与已得到的天然橡胶林产胶潜力进行回归分析,建立天然橡胶干胶产量的估测模型。利用估产模型对阳江农场2010年7月的干胶产量进行模拟,用同期实际干胶产量对估产模型进行精度验证与实用性评价,结果显示7月估产模型均方根误差RMSE为1.78 g·m^-2,相对均方根误差RMSE_r为18.25%。研究表明,基于遥感信息和净初级生产力的天然橡胶估产模型具有较好的产量估测效果。     

渔业配额制度的起源、特点及展望

渔业配额制度是在渔业资源过度捕捞所导致的渔业危机和传统的投入控制管理失效的历史背景下,基于渔业资源生态特性而构建的一种产出控制的渔业管理模式。它是在总可捕量基础上发展起来的,并在冰岛、 新西兰等国家得以成功实施。该制度具有专属性、 可转让性、 激励性等外在法律特征。学者对于配额制度的法律特性持不同观点,认同其准物权的特性是主流观点。资源的生物特性以及制度的实质内涵告诉我们,无论是国际配额还是国内配额,制度要想取得实效,必须牢牢遵循不得超越总可捕量的共同义务这一要旨,通过落实有限准入、 加强监管等多种手段来保障这种共同义务的履行,才能实现资源的永续利用。     

基于随机Petri网的跨组织应急协同模型构建

突发事件应急处置需要公安、消防、医疗、交通等多个组织进行跨组织协同合作,以此实现跨部门的统一指挥、快速反应的应急响应行动,为城市突发事件应对、城市公共安全提供强有力的保障。利用随机Petri网的构建跨组织应急协同流程,根据确定可能出现的状态集,同构其相应的马尔科夫链;以汶川地震为例,根据可能出现状态的稳态概率及相关数学方法分析其均衡状态和变动规律,对应急响应的协同效果进行分析,根据评估结果提出事前应急协同控制与改进的措施,加强事前应急演练与培训,为提高突发事件应急响应协调能力提供理论支持。     

The calculation of equivalence factor for ecological footprints in China: a methodological note

The Ecological Footprint (EF), a physical indicator to measure the extent of humanity’s use of natural resources, has gained much attention since it was first used by Wackernagel and Rees in 1996. In order to appraise land area types with different levels of productivity, they introduced the concept of an equivalence factor. This relates to the average primary biomass productivities of different types of land (i.e. arable land, pasture, forest, water/fishery, built-up land and fossil energy land) to the regional average primary biomass productivity of all land types in a given year. Hence, the equivalence factor is an important parameter in the EF model and it directly affects the reliability of all results. Thus, this article calculates equivalence factors on the national and provincial levels in China based on Net Primary Production (NPP) from MODIS 1 km data in 2008. Firstly, based on the Light Utility Efficiency and CASA model, the NPP of different biologically productive lands of China and of different provinces was calculated. Secondly, China’s equivalence factor for 6 land area types was calculated based on NPP: arable land and built-up land has an equivalence factor of 1.71, forest and fossil energy land has a factor of 1.41, pasture has a factor of 0.44 and water/fishery 0.35; Finally, the equivalence factor of 6 land area types in different provinces was also calculated. The NPP of each ecosystem type varies along with the equivalence factor in different provinces. However, the ranking of the equivalence factors in different provinces remain the same, with that of arable land being the largest, and the water/fishery being the smallest.