微生物强化修复盐渍化石油污染土壤研究＊

采集东营地区石油污染土壤,进行微生物修复实验研究。考察投加复合菌株CM-13是否能够加速生物修复进程以及土壤中石油污染物质降解的影响因素。石油污染土壤经过90 d的处理,在含水量一定的前提下,复合菌株CM-13对于石油污染物质的加速降解作用显著,当复合菌株CM-13接种量为土壤质量的10%时修复效果较好。微生物的生长与营养盐的量存在最佳匹配值,土壤中氮的最佳含量为0.20%,磷的最佳含量为0.05%。实验中随着麦糠投加量的增大,石油类的降解率逐渐增大,当麦糠量为土壤体积分数的25%时,对土壤的修复效果最好。     

两相法筛选高效除磷菌的研究

利用模拟除磷菌生存环境的两相法,设计厌氧-好氧两相交替条件,配合厌氧相含底物无磷培养基和好氧相含磷无底物培养基,进行高效除磷菌的筛选和菌株除磷能力检测.两相法包括前期富集、筛选、检测前驯化和检测共四个阶段.采用两相法从运行良好的SBR反应器中筛得15株菌,所有菌株均具有除磷能力,菌株除磷能力强.两相法筛选除磷菌具有针对性强,工作量小,筛选获得的菌株多样性好和高效除磷菌比例高等优点.     

微生物絮凝剂(MBF)研究策略与技术进展

当前微生物絮凝剂正处于理论研究与产业化交织阶段,文章较全面地综述了本领域研究策略和最新技术进展。研究策略体现出特异、高效、价廉、复合和联用等方向;总结了特异、高效产絮单菌株的筛选、廉价替代培养基的选用、产絮条件的优化等改善MBF应用的技术途径,并着重就近年来与微生物絮凝剂复合或联用的强化技术进行了探讨,包括复合型微生物絮凝剂、MBF与传统絮凝剂的复配、MBF与纳米材料的联用、絮凝微生物固定化技术等。在此基础上指出了微生物絮凝剂今后的发展方向,并提出了建议。     

Correlations between mutagenic activity of organic extracts of airborne particulate matter, NOx and sulphur dioxide in southern Germany: results of a two-year study

Goals, Scope and Background Among other substances, sulphur dioxide (SO2), nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) are parameters which are routinely measured to describe basic air quality. Organic extracts of airborne particulate matter contain mutagenic chemical compounds of different origins. The aim of the study was to find correlations between routine monitoring data and mutagenic activity of organic extracts of simultaneously drawn samples.Methods Specimens were collected over a period of two years at 8 sampling sites in south-west Germany. Simultaneously, concentrations of NO, NO2, and SO2 were measured on-line within the framework of the official air monitoring network of Baden-Württemberg, Germany. Dust samples were collected for biotesting using high volume air samplers equipped with glass fibre filters. After sampling was completed, filters were extracted and samples were prepared for biological testing. Mutagenic activity was tested by means of the plate incorporation assay (Ames test) using S. typhimurium TA98 and TA100 tester strains. During the first year of the study, all tests have been performed with and without metabolic activation. Additionally, a series of tests has been performed in parallel with TA98 and TA98NR.Results and Discussion Comparison of Ames test data obtained with and without metabolic activation indicates no statistically significant difference between both methods. Therefore, during the second year of the study, all tests have been performed without metabolic activation. Average yearly activities at the sampling sites were between 1 und 27 Revertants per m³ (Rev/m³). High activities were preferably found at congested sites (Karlsruhe, up to 95 Rev/m³). However, peak values of over 100 Rev/m³ were found in other places where pollution by traffic is significantly lower. The reason for these high level values is not evident. Tests performed using TA98NR tester strain indicate a significant share (average 31%) of compounds requiring activation by nitroreductase for mutagenic activity. Average mutagenic activity can be correlated to routine monitoring parameters. Comparison of averaged data for particular sampling sites indicates significant correlation between nitric oxide and mutagenic activity in TA98 (r²=0.90), while correlation between nitrogen dioxide (0.84) or sulphur dioxide (0.52) and mutagenic activity is weaker. For TA100, correlations are generally weaker than for TA98. Comparison of data for mutagenic activity and routine monitoring data of distant sites being sampled simultaneously shows parallel behaviour.Conclusions Results from this study show that mutagenic activity can be compared to seasonal and local variations of gaseous indicator air pollutants. Tester strain TA98 generally shows the best correlations. Although pollution by particle-bound mutagenic substances is significantly higher during the cold season than during summer on average, mutagenic activity of airborne dust is not a continuous effect. During winter, peak levels as well as low pollution periods can occur. Even during winter time mutagenic activity can reach very low levels typical for summertime. Comparison of results for distant sampling sites where samples have been collected simultaneously indicate that “classical” indicators of air pollution and bacterial mutagenicity of organic extracts from airborne particulate matter are influenced by connected effects. Seasonal trend of mutagenic activity, in particular, is similar to the concentrations of nitrogen oxide. NO is a strong indicator for vehicle exhaust gases. It is concluded that the average mutagenic activity at particular sites can be estimated using NO concentrations as an indicator.     

大别山东南麓韧性剪切构造带

广济县四望、松山咀和黄梅县大河、苦竹及宿松县界岭、二郎河一线存在一条规模较大的平移—推覆型韧性剪切带,其延60余公里,宽约5—15km。该带中糜棱岩岩石的斑晶及眼球体压力影不对称、重结晶石英斜列方式及微褶皱形态特征反映出以左旋剪切作用为主。有限应变沿x方向最大拉伸量为170％,沿z方向最大缩短量为57％。中心部位的糜棱岩明显经历了热加工—恢复作用阶段,是深层次韧性剪切的产物,古差异应力平均值为158.76MPa,应变速率为3.67×10~(-11)～6.17×10~(-12)sec~(-1)。晚期又遭受了脆性薄皮冲断作用。     

利用rep-PCR研究云南尼泊尔桤木根瘤内Frankia基因多样性

利用rep-PCR指纹技术对云南5个地区的尼泊尔桤木根瘤内Frankia菌基因多样性进行研究,实验发现Frankia菌呈现丰富的基因多样性.所有71个样品被分为11种不同的基因类型.除高黎贡山外,不同地域都有某种基因型占优势,显示Frankia菌基因型与地域有紧密关系.所观察的5个地区中,高黎贡山Frankia菌基因型种类最多,多样性指数最高,基因多样性最为丰富.结合高黎贡山地理资料及其它生物多样性相关研究,推测与高黎贡山尼泊尔桤木共生的Frankia可能作为种储备库,为其它地区的寄主植物提供了祖先菌株.图8表1参13     

杀螺微生物的分离与杀螺及抑菌活性的研究

对中国典型培养物保藏中心的凸形假单胞菌(Pseudomonasconvexa)AB93077,AB93065和浅灰链霉菌(Streptomycesgriseolus)AA93066,AA92070,AA94037的杀螺活性进行研究表明AA92070,AA94037具有杀螺活性,其它三种菌株在本实验条件下未见杀螺活性。另外从环境中分离到一株新的具杀螺活性的链霉菌WZ,与以往报道的杀螺链霉菌不同,它的孢子丝顶端为卷曲或螺旋状。链霉菌AA92070,AA94037,WZ的发酵液经100℃处理5min后仍具有杀螺活性,这表明三种链霉菌所产生的杀螺素具有一定的耐热性。通过测定三种链霉菌发酵液的抑菌谱,可初步看出三种菌的发酵产物主要抑制细菌的生长。     

校园生活污水处理新技术

提出了一种新的污水处理技术，即用优势菌强化的SBR法对生活污水和洗澡废水进行处理。同时，与传统的SBR法、SBR＋厌氧法进行了比较，得出了不同处理方法对COD去除率的影响。研究结果表明：在进水和条件相同的条件下，优势菌强化的SBR法化传统SBR法所需处理时间缩短的近20h，比SBR＋厌氧法处理时间缩短了10h左右，显示了其在处理校园生活污水方面的显著效果，为校园生活污水的处理提供了新的思路。     

基因工程菌强化芳香化合物的处理工艺

分别固定克隆有甲苯加双氧酶基因的工程菌和筛选出的野生菌株,串联两种固定化细胞反应器,研究以基因工程菌突破关键步骤的限制,筛选菌株辅助完成彻底降解芳香类污染物复合工艺可行性和强化效果.克隆有苯降解过程中的关键基因——甲苯加双氧酶的基因工程菌E. coli. JM109(pKST11)对苯具有较高的降解效率和降解速度,应用于固定化细胞反应器中效果突出.在较短的水力停留时间内,可以将1500mg/L苯降解70%,降解速度为1.11mg/(Ls),延长水力停留时间,可以使去除率达到95%以上.该反应器对高浓度的苯具有突出的处理效果.同时所得到的产物为环己二烯双醇,可以被野生非高效菌W3快速利用.     

镉抗性菌株的筛选及对番茄吸收镉的影响

通过在培养基中加入一定浓度的镉(CdSO₄8H₂O, Cd 200mg/L),从土壤中分离到3株具有很强的镉抗性细菌,经初步鉴定,它们分别属于假单胞菌属和芽胞杆菌属(编号分别为NJ3、NJ9、RJ16).将分离到的3株菌分别接种到添加镉(200mg/kg)的土壤并进行番茄盆栽试验,结果表明,供试抗性菌株均能显著促进植株生长,活化植株根际镉,接RJ16菌株处理的番茄地上部植株干重、根际有效镉含量及植株吸收的镉含量分别比不接菌对照增加64.2%,46.3%,107.8%,而接NJ3和NJ9菌株处理的番茄植株吸收的镉与对照植株吸收的镉没有显著差异.