微生物制剂与玄武岩纤维联用处理城市废水

为了探索一种新型的去除水体中有机物的工艺,以模拟城市废水为研究对象,研究不同工况条件下,复合微生物制剂、组合双环玄武岩纤维填料以及复合微生物制剂与组合双环玄武岩纤维填料结合对模拟城市废水中COD的去除情况。实验结果表明,复合微生物制剂与组合双环玄武岩纤维填料结合在曝气的情况下对COD的去除能力较高。在复合微生物制剂与组合双环玄武岩纤维填料结合的条件下,对COD浓度为500 mg/L左右的模拟城市废水的去除效率可达 97.22%;影响模拟城市废水中COD去除效果的各因素的主次顺序依次为反应时间>曝气时间>投加量=pH;得出最佳工况参数是:复合微生物制剂的投加量为0.05 g/L,曝气时间为72 h,反应时间为96 h,pH为7。     

Biodegradation of 2,6-ditert-butylphenol by immobilized microorganism strains

2,6-Ditert-butylphenol （2,6-DTBP） is a major organic contaminant presenting in acrylic fiber manufacturing wastewaters. This compound is of high bio-resistance due to its complex structure which consists of one phenol group and two highly branched tert-butyl groups. This research attempted to improve the biodegradation efficiency of 2,6-DTBP through various strain immobilization methods. The stratified immobilization can settle oxygen transmission in the single microorganism immobilization, and can realize two-process reaction in the single device by choosing two symbiotic microorganisms. Two effective strains, named F-1-4 and F-3-4, which were screened out in our previous work, were used to degrade 2,6-DTBP after being immobilized in calcium alginate gel. Results indicate that the substrate removal efficiency of various immobilization methods follows the order： stratified 〉 single F-3-4 〉 mixed ≈single F-1-4. The immobilized biodegradation capacity was higher than the free one. After an incubation time of 12 d, 91% of 2,6-DTBP could be degraded by the stratified immobilization method, compared to 79% achieved by the mixed immobilization method with an initial 2,6-DTBP concentration of 100 mg/L. The stratified immobilization satisfies the oxygen demand nature of the aerobic F-3-4 and the facultative F-1-4, thus yielding the highest degradation efficiency. Both the outer layer strain F-3-4 and the inner layer strain F-1-4 can grow actively on the substrate of 2,6-DTBP, as illustrated by SEM images. This study shows that the highly bio-refractory compound, 2,6-DTBP, can be effectively degraded using appropriately inunobilized microorganism strains.     

利用rep-PCR研究云南尼泊尔桤木根瘤内Frankia基因多样性

利用rep-PCR指纹技术对云南5个地区的尼泊尔桤木根瘤内Frankia菌基因多样性进行研究,实验发现Frankia菌呈现丰富的基因多样性.所有71个样品被分为11种不同的基因类型.除高黎贡山外,不同地域都有某种基因型占优势,显示Frankia菌基因型与地域有紧密关系.所观察的5个地区中,高黎贡山Frankia菌基因型种类最多,多样性指数最高,基因多样性最为丰富.结合高黎贡山地理资料及其它生物多样性相关研究,推测与高黎贡山尼泊尔桤木共生的Frankia可能作为种储备库,为其它地区的寄主植物提供了祖先菌株.图8表1参13     

PCR-酶切技术在石油烃降解菌筛选鉴定中的应用

将以原油驯化所得的纯培养微生物菌株作为模板,采用PCR(聚合酶链式反应)法,用扩增细菌16S rDNA的一对通用引物(8 f,1492 r)对模板扩增,并用限制性内切酶R saI和M spI对PCR产物进行ARDRA多态性分析。聚类去除重复菌株后60株菌株可分为11种不同分类操作单元(OTU),同时得出每个分类操作单元的数量。实验结果表明,此方法可快速去除重复菌株并反映出菌株间的系统进化关系;同时实验数据可构建成库,使后续分离菌株的筛选工作只需比对数据即可完成。     

复合菌株YH01+YH02强化SBR好氧反硝化脱氮及菌群结构分析

为探讨复合菌株强化好氧反硝化的脱氮特性以及揭示菌群结构动态演替与生物反应器运行效率之间的联系,以硝态氮为底物,研究了异养硝化-好氧反硝化复合菌株Delftia sp.YH01+Acidovorax sp.YH02强化好氧SBR的脱氮特性,并借助高通量测序技术对强化过程中的菌群结构进行了分析.结果表明,经复合菌株强化后,反应器对NO₃^--N、TN和COD去除率分别提高了12.1%、9.2%和9.4%;复合菌株YH01+YH02的加入对菌群结构产生了较大的影响,菌群结构在属水平上丰度呈上升趋势,多样性呈下降趋势;PCA主成分析和UPGMA聚类分析大致把反应器运行过程分成4个阶段;Delftia和Acidovorax菌的丰度随着反应器呈上升趋势,复合菌株YH01+YH02在SBR反应器内具有良好的适应能力,对好氧反硝化起着非常重要的作用.     

Comparing results of cultured and uncultured biological methods used in biological phosphorus removal

Increasing attention has been paid to phosphate-accumulating organisms(PAOs)for their important role in biological phosphorus removal.In this study,microbial communities of PAOs cultivated under different carbon sources(sewage,glucose,and sodium acetate) were investigated and compared through culture-dependent and culture-independent methods,respectively.The results obtained using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis(DGGE)of polymerase chain reaction-amplified 16S rDNA fragments revealed that the diversity of bacteria in a sewage-fed reactor(1#)was much higher than in a glucose-fed one(2#)and a sodium acetate-fed one(3#);there were common PAOs in three reactors fed by different carbon sources.Five strains were separated from three systems by using a phosphate- rich medium;they were from common bacteria isolated and three isolates could not be found in DGGE profile at all.Two isolates had good phosphorus removal ability.When the microbial diversity was studied,the molecular biological method was better than the culture-dependent one.When phosphorus removal characteristics were investigated,culture-dependent approach was more effective. Thus a combination of two methods is necessary to have a comprehensive view of PAOs.     

剩余活性污泥好氧消化优势菌株筛选及污泥稳定化效果分析

为了促进污水处理厂剩余污泥好氧消化效率,缩短污泥稳定化时间,筛选得到R3、R16、R19等3株对污泥好氧消化促进效果较为明显的优势菌种,通过16S rRNA基因序列分析表明,R3、R16、R19分别属于Bacillus sp.、Pseudomonas sp.和Bacillus sp.。研究结果表明：投加R3、R16、R19菌株,分别于第9天、第10天、第9天污泥达到消化稳定化状态,TOC降解率达到40%,比对照组分别提前了4、3、4 d,与对照组稳定化完成时的SVI相比,SVI值较对照组分别降低了14.1%、9.0%和11.1%。当消化反应进行到第13天时,投加R3、R16、R19菌株,MLSS降解率较对照组分别提高了7.1%、3.3%和8.2%。此外,投加优势菌株不同程度地加快了TOC、硝酸盐氮和氨氮在消化液中的积累,并且有利于磷的溶出。     

投加优势菌强化降解液相油烟污染物的动力学研究

以桂林市雁山镇污水处理厂取回的活性污泥作为降解模拟餐饮油烟的洗涤液,采用富集驯化的方法,从中筛选出一株能高效降解油烟污染物的真菌ZJ01并对其进行分子生物学鉴定。通过投加两种优势菌（黑曲霉和白腐菌）协同强化洗涤液生物降解油烟污染物以双曲线速度模型进行动力学研究,结果表明：ZJ01为枝孢霉（Cladosporium halotolerans）,空白、投加黑曲霉、投加白腐菌洗涤液降解油烟污染物的动力学模型分别是u=（0.0109c）/（228.12+c）、u=（0.0249c）/（491.71+c）、u=（0.0124c）/（247.79+c）。真菌类饱和常数大小关系为投加黑曲霉 > 投加白腐菌 > 空白,最佳投加真菌菌株为黑曲霉。     

曝气强化微生物功能菌修复黑臭水体

从成都市三道沟黑臭底泥中分离出一株能以底泥有机质为碳源和能源生长的土著微生物功能菌HC-1,经鉴定该菌株为不动杆菌（Acinetobacter）。在实验室条件下,以三道沟黑臭底泥为研究对象,采用微生物功能菌强化底泥有机质降解来修复黑臭水体的方法。研究了底泥曝气和上覆水曝气对黑臭水体修复效果的影响。研究表明,投加土著微生物功能菌并结合底泥曝气能够明显改善上覆水水质,加快底泥的修复。使用间歇曝气协同土著微生物功能菌作用时效果和连续曝气相近,且可降低运行成本。实验15 d后,上覆水COD、NH3-N和TP去除率分别达67.6%、71.6%和92.2%,底泥有机质的降解速率提高了30%,底泥微生物活性增加5倍。     

Correlations between mutagenic activity of organic extracts of airborne particulate matter, NOx and sulphur dioxide in southern Germany: results of a two-year study

Goals, Scope and Background Among other substances, sulphur dioxide (SO2), nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) are parameters which are routinely measured to describe basic air quality. Organic extracts of airborne particulate matter contain mutagenic chemical compounds of different origins. The aim of the study was to find correlations between routine monitoring data and mutagenic activity of organic extracts of simultaneously drawn samples.Methods Specimens were collected over a period of two years at 8 sampling sites in south-west Germany. Simultaneously, concentrations of NO, NO2, and SO2 were measured on-line within the framework of the official air monitoring network of Baden-Württemberg, Germany. Dust samples were collected for biotesting using high volume air samplers equipped with glass fibre filters. After sampling was completed, filters were extracted and samples were prepared for biological testing. Mutagenic activity was tested by means of the plate incorporation assay (Ames test) using S. typhimurium TA98 and TA100 tester strains. During the first year of the study, all tests have been performed with and without metabolic activation. Additionally, a series of tests has been performed in parallel with TA98 and TA98NR.Results and Discussion Comparison of Ames test data obtained with and without metabolic activation indicates no statistically significant difference between both methods. Therefore, during the second year of the study, all tests have been performed without metabolic activation. Average yearly activities at the sampling sites were between 1 und 27 Revertants per m³ (Rev/m³). High activities were preferably found at congested sites (Karlsruhe, up to 95 Rev/m³). However, peak values of over 100 Rev/m³ were found in other places where pollution by traffic is significantly lower. The reason for these high level values is not evident. Tests performed using TA98NR tester strain indicate a significant share (average 31%) of compounds requiring activation by nitroreductase for mutagenic activity. Average mutagenic activity can be correlated to routine monitoring parameters. Comparison of averaged data for particular sampling sites indicates significant correlation between nitric oxide and mutagenic activity in TA98 (r²=0.90), while correlation between nitrogen dioxide (0.84) or sulphur dioxide (0.52) and mutagenic activity is weaker. For TA100, correlations are generally weaker than for TA98. Comparison of data for mutagenic activity and routine monitoring data of distant sites being sampled simultaneously shows parallel behaviour.Conclusions Results from this study show that mutagenic activity can be compared to seasonal and local variations of gaseous indicator air pollutants. Tester strain TA98 generally shows the best correlations. Although pollution by particle-bound mutagenic substances is significantly higher during the cold season than during summer on average, mutagenic activity of airborne dust is not a continuous effect. During winter, peak levels as well as low pollution periods can occur. Even during winter time mutagenic activity can reach very low levels typical for summertime. Comparison of results for distant sampling sites where samples have been collected simultaneously indicate that “classical” indicators of air pollution and bacterial mutagenicity of organic extracts from airborne particulate matter are influenced by connected effects. Seasonal trend of mutagenic activity, in particular, is similar to the concentrations of nitrogen oxide. NO is a strong indicator for vehicle exhaust gases. It is concluded that the average mutagenic activity at particular sites can be estimated using NO concentrations as an indicator.