Correlations between mutagenic activity of organic extracts of airborne particulate matter, NOx and sulphur dioxide in southern Germany: results of a two-year study

Goals, Scope and Background Among other substances, sulphur dioxide (SO2), nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) are parameters which are routinely measured to describe basic air quality. Organic extracts of airborne particulate matter contain mutagenic chemical compounds of different origins. The aim of the study was to find correlations between routine monitoring data and mutagenic activity of organic extracts of simultaneously drawn samples.Methods Specimens were collected over a period of two years at 8 sampling sites in south-west Germany. Simultaneously, concentrations of NO, NO2, and SO2 were measured on-line within the framework of the official air monitoring network of Baden-Württemberg, Germany. Dust samples were collected for biotesting using high volume air samplers equipped with glass fibre filters. After sampling was completed, filters were extracted and samples were prepared for biological testing. Mutagenic activity was tested by means of the plate incorporation assay (Ames test) using S. typhimurium TA98 and TA100 tester strains. During the first year of the study, all tests have been performed with and without metabolic activation. Additionally, a series of tests has been performed in parallel with TA98 and TA98NR.Results and Discussion Comparison of Ames test data obtained with and without metabolic activation indicates no statistically significant difference between both methods. Therefore, during the second year of the study, all tests have been performed without metabolic activation. Average yearly activities at the sampling sites were between 1 und 27 Revertants per m³ (Rev/m³). High activities were preferably found at congested sites (Karlsruhe, up to 95 Rev/m³). However, peak values of over 100 Rev/m³ were found in other places where pollution by traffic is significantly lower. The reason for these high level values is not evident. Tests performed using TA98NR tester strain indicate a significant share (average 31%) of compounds requiring activation by nitroreductase for mutagenic activity. Average mutagenic activity can be correlated to routine monitoring parameters. Comparison of averaged data for particular sampling sites indicates significant correlation between nitric oxide and mutagenic activity in TA98 (r²=0.90), while correlation between nitrogen dioxide (0.84) or sulphur dioxide (0.52) and mutagenic activity is weaker. For TA100, correlations are generally weaker than for TA98. Comparison of data for mutagenic activity and routine monitoring data of distant sites being sampled simultaneously shows parallel behaviour.Conclusions Results from this study show that mutagenic activity can be compared to seasonal and local variations of gaseous indicator air pollutants. Tester strain TA98 generally shows the best correlations. Although pollution by particle-bound mutagenic substances is significantly higher during the cold season than during summer on average, mutagenic activity of airborne dust is not a continuous effect. During winter, peak levels as well as low pollution periods can occur. Even during winter time mutagenic activity can reach very low levels typical for summertime. Comparison of results for distant sampling sites where samples have been collected simultaneously indicate that “classical” indicators of air pollution and bacterial mutagenicity of organic extracts from airborne particulate matter are influenced by connected effects. Seasonal trend of mutagenic activity, in particular, is similar to the concentrations of nitrogen oxide. NO is a strong indicator for vehicle exhaust gases. It is concluded that the average mutagenic activity at particular sites can be estimated using NO concentrations as an indicator.     

大别山东南麓韧性剪切构造带

广济县四望、松山咀和黄梅县大河、苦竹及宿松县界岭、二郎河一线存在一条规模较大的平移—推覆型韧性剪切带,其延60余公里,宽约5—15km。该带中糜棱岩岩石的斑晶及眼球体压力影不对称、重结晶石英斜列方式及微褶皱形态特征反映出以左旋剪切作用为主。有限应变沿x方向最大拉伸量为170％,沿z方向最大缩短量为57％。中心部位的糜棱岩明显经历了热加工—恢复作用阶段,是深层次韧性剪切的产物,古差异应力平均值为158.76MPa,应变速率为3.67×10~(-11)～6.17×10~(-12)sec~(-1)。晚期又遭受了脆性薄皮冲断作用。     

利用rep-PCR研究云南尼泊尔桤木根瘤内Frankia基因多样性

利用rep-PCR指纹技术对云南5个地区的尼泊尔桤木根瘤内Frankia菌基因多样性进行研究,实验发现Frankia菌呈现丰富的基因多样性.所有71个样品被分为11种不同的基因类型.除高黎贡山外,不同地域都有某种基因型占优势,显示Frankia菌基因型与地域有紧密关系.所观察的5个地区中,高黎贡山Frankia菌基因型种类最多,多样性指数最高,基因多样性最为丰富.结合高黎贡山地理资料及其它生物多样性相关研究,推测与高黎贡山尼泊尔桤木共生的Frankia可能作为种储备库,为其它地区的寄主植物提供了祖先菌株.图8表1参13     

校园生活污水处理新技术

提出了一种新的污水处理技术，即用优势菌强化的SBR法对生活污水和洗澡废水进行处理。同时，与传统的SBR法、SBR＋厌氧法进行了比较，得出了不同处理方法对COD去除率的影响。研究结果表明：在进水和条件相同的条件下，优势菌强化的SBR法化传统SBR法所需处理时间缩短的近20h，比SBR＋厌氧法处理时间缩短了10h左右，显示了其在处理校园生活污水方面的显著效果，为校园生活污水的处理提供了新的思路。     

基因工程菌强化芳香化合物的处理工艺

分别固定克隆有甲苯加双氧酶基因的工程菌和筛选出的野生菌株,串联两种固定化细胞反应器,研究以基因工程菌突破关键步骤的限制,筛选菌株辅助完成彻底降解芳香类污染物复合工艺可行性和强化效果.克隆有苯降解过程中的关键基因——甲苯加双氧酶的基因工程菌E. coli. JM109(pKST11)对苯具有较高的降解效率和降解速度,应用于固定化细胞反应器中效果突出.在较短的水力停留时间内,可以将1500mg/L苯降解70%,降解速度为1.11mg/(Ls),延长水力停留时间,可以使去除率达到95%以上.该反应器对高浓度的苯具有突出的处理效果.同时所得到的产物为环己二烯双醇,可以被野生非高效菌W3快速利用.     

镉抗性菌株的筛选及对番茄吸收镉的影响

通过在培养基中加入一定浓度的镉(CdSO₄8H₂O, Cd 200mg/L),从土壤中分离到3株具有很强的镉抗性细菌,经初步鉴定,它们分别属于假单胞菌属和芽胞杆菌属(编号分别为NJ3、NJ9、RJ16).将分离到的3株菌分别接种到添加镉(200mg/kg)的土壤并进行番茄盆栽试验,结果表明,供试抗性菌株均能显著促进植株生长,活化植株根际镉,接RJ16菌株处理的番茄地上部植株干重、根际有效镉含量及植株吸收的镉含量分别比不接菌对照增加64.2%,46.3%,107.8%,而接NJ3和NJ9菌株处理的番茄植株吸收的镉与对照植株吸收的镉没有显著差异.     

复合菌株YH01+YH02强化SBR好氧反硝化脱氮及菌群结构分析

为探讨复合菌株强化好氧反硝化的脱氮特性以及揭示菌群结构动态演替与生物反应器运行效率之间的联系,以硝态氮为底物,研究了异养硝化-好氧反硝化复合菌株Delftia sp.YH01+Acidovorax sp.YH02强化好氧SBR的脱氮特性,并借助高通量测序技术对强化过程中的菌群结构进行了分析.结果表明,经复合菌株强化后,反应器对NO₃^--N、TN和COD去除率分别提高了12.1%、9.2%和9.4%;复合菌株YH01+YH02的加入对菌群结构产生了较大的影响,菌群结构在属水平上丰度呈上升趋势,多样性呈下降趋势;PCA主成分析和UPGMA聚类分析大致把反应器运行过程分成4个阶段;Delftia和Acidovorax菌的丰度随着反应器呈上升趋势,复合菌株YH01+YH02在SBR反应器内具有良好的适应能力,对好氧反硝化起着非常重要的作用.     

Effects of initial resources on the development of strains during a stressful training situation: Some counterintuitive results

Resource theories of occupational stress argue that employees' personal and environmental resources protect them from too much distress or strain during stressful work experiences. We examined four resources (emotional stability, previous experience, low drain on pre‐existing resources, and workgroup quality) available to soldiers at the beginning of a stressful 3‐month training experience as predictors of the trajectories of their strains over that period of time. Based on conservation of resources theory and the job demands–resources model, we predicted that the trends of strains would be more favorable (would increase more slowly or decline more quickly) if participants started the training with greater resources. The resources, primarily emotional stability and lack of pre‐existing resource drain, tended to be negatively related to strains, consistent with the idea that they can reduce strains. Significant interactions predicting trends were found predicting two of the three strains (post‐traumatic stress symptoms and depression, but not reports of physical health). Contrary to expectations, however, the three resources that significantly predicted trends over time (emotional stability, previous experience, and low pre‐existing resource drain) were associated with worsening rather than improving strains. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

丁二腈高效降解菌的筛选及其降解性

以丁二腈为唯一碳源和氮源,从石化腈纶废水及其处理构筑物的生物膜中,分离、筛选出2株高效降解丁二腈的菌株:J-1-3和J-13-1.经形态学观察和生理生化特征研究,两者均被鉴定为假单胞菌(Pseudomonas spp.).通过摇瓶试验得出2菌株的最适生长条件:温度为30℃,摇床转速(间接反映通气量)为250 r/min,接种量为0.1%,初始pH为6.在最适生长条件下,分别对不同初始浓度丁二腈进行降解率试验.结果表明,2菌株对丁二腈的降解能力强,尤以J-13-1更为显著.当丁二腈的初始浓度约为6000mg/L、8000mg/L和10000mg/L时,J-13-1菌株对丁二腈的降解率分别在12.5h、14h和16h时达到100%.     

剩余污泥超声提取液培养生物破乳菌Alcaligenes sp. S- XJ-1

将超声法预处理剩余污泥得到的提取液用于培养高效生物破乳菌Alcaligenes sp. S-XJ-1,以探索剩余污泥资源化利用的新途径.使用超声能量(ES)为443~56647kJ/kg TS的超声条件处理剩余污泥,获得的污泥提取液中氨氮、有机氮、总磷的浓度最高分别为171.94,142.20, 76.29mg/L,提取液中包含K、Ca、Mg、Fe等破乳菌生长必须的金属元素.将污泥提取液(ES为885~56647kJ/kg TS)作为培养基用于合成高效破乳菌Alcaligenes sp. S-XJ-1,产量较MMSM培养基可提高0.3%~68.3%,其中ES为56647kJ/kg TS时破乳菌产量最高,为2.03g/L.污泥提取液中的pH缓冲能力对菌体产量有重要影响,提取液的有机氮浓度可能是破乳菌产量提高的关键因素.污泥提取液培养的破乳菌破乳性能稳定保持在80.0%左右,菌体细胞表面疏水性与菌体C/N较MMSM培养基培养菌体无明显差异.说明以剩余污泥超声提取液作为培养基可以培养稳定高效的破乳菌Alcaligenes sp. S-XJ-1.