连续流培养好氧颗粒污泥研究进展

好氧颗粒污泥(AGS)因其沉降性能好,生物量高,抗冲击能力强等优点而受到青睐.相比于传统的序批式反应器(SBR),连续流AGS技术具有易于操作控制以及匹配实际污水厂的大水量,连续流的优势,因而更具有研究价值和应用潜力.通过文献分析和整理,归纳了连续流AGS技术面临的挑战,总结了连续流培养AGS的研究现状和经验教训,并对...     

居住建筑节能设计中的问题与优化策略研究

今天,全球能源在日益减少,人们生活提高又需要增加居住面积,这势必造成能源的消耗.因此,建筑节能已经成为全球范围内都非常关注的一项问题.为了提高居住建筑节能,结合实际需要,针对居住建筑节能的必要性的设计要求展开阐述,同时从规划节能设计、单体节能设计以及节能构造设计这三个不同的角度来着手分析,以期能够在有限的条件下将居住建筑的环保性、功能性以及艺术性更加完美的结合到一起,促进低成本、高效率的节能型居住建筑建设目标早日实现.     

渤海海域环境现状及保护对策

根据沿海地区陆源污染调查材料,评价了渤海海域的环境质量现状,指出了渤海近岸海域污染严重,生态受到影响,离岸深水海域水质尚好。进而分析了其污染原因,提出了保护渤海环境的对策。      

重点环保城市二氧化硫总量控制目标值的研究

根据城市的输送扩散污染特性和污染源排放结构制订出低、中、高和理想4种二氧化硫排放控制方案。根据高、中、低架源污染物排放 与地面环境质量之间的关系以及各重点城市年平均扩散系数,可以算出重点城市二氧化硫2010年总量控制方案对应的控制目标值。      

总量控制与排污权交易

深入剖析了总量控制的含义和特点,分析了我国总量控制与排污权交易的关系,通过对比美国的排污权交易政策,讨论了实施总量控制和排污权交易的步骤和意义。     

人员疏散拥堵问题的博弈分析

从经济学的角度,应用博弈论中经典的"公共地悲剧"理论,分析疏散出口、安全通道等没有排他性所有权的稀缺性资源供给与需求之间的矛盾,提出了人员疏散过程中的博弈数学模型,揭示在理性的疏散人员追求自身收益最大化和没有有效约束与管制的前提条件下,疏散出口等公共资源会被过度使用的现象,即人员疏散过程中的"公共地悲剧"——人员拥堵,并在所提出的博弈模型基础上,从设计与管理的角度,给出一些解决拥堵问题的建议和对策。     

不同放牧强度下星毛委陵菜(Potentilla acaulis)种群小尺度空间格局

利用R ip ley’s K函数以及蒙特卡罗(Monte Carlo)随机模拟方法,定量分析了4种放牧强度———无牧、轻牧(1.33只羊/hm2)、中牧(4.00只羊/hm2)、重牧(6.67只羊/hm2)下星毛委陵菜(Potentilla acaulis)种群的小尺度空间格局及其随尺度的变化规律;研究了放牧对星毛委陵菜种群空间格局的影响;并以放牧条件下星毛委陵菜的生活史特征、生态适应对策以及群落内植物种间的相互作用为基础,探讨产生和维持这些格局的机理.研究表明:(1)放牧对星毛委陵菜种群空间格局有显著影响,同一放牧强度下星毛委陵菜种群在不同尺度上的空间格局存在显著差异.(2)无牧条件下,星毛委陵菜种群在0~96 cm尺度上表现为集聚分布,在96~100 cm尺度为随机分布;轻牧条件下,星毛委陵菜种群在0~92 cm尺度上表现为集聚分布,在92~100 cm尺度为随机分布;中牧条件下,星毛委陵菜种群在0~72cm尺度上表现为集聚分布,在72~100 cm尺度为随机分布;重牧条件下,星毛委陵菜在20~22 cm尺度上表现为集聚分布,在15~17 cm、23~28 cm和46~50 cm尺度为均匀分布,在0~15 cm、17~20 cm、22~23 cm、28~46 cm和50~100 cm上为随机分布.(3)同一放牧强度下,随着尺度的增大,星毛委陵菜种群由集聚分布趋向于随机分布;且转变为随机分布时的尺度随着放牧强度的增大而逐渐缩小.这与星毛委陵菜生物学特性和种群对放牧压力的生态适应对策密切相关.(4)在0~100 cm尺度上,星毛委陵菜种群的集聚强度随着放牧强度的增大而逐渐减小,即:无牧>轻牧>中牧>重牧.(5)放牧活动改变了决定群落结构的有关过程的相对重要性.这些研究结果将为在放牧活动干扰下草原群落的演替提供理论依据.图2参24     

The theoretical value of encounters with parasitized hosts for parasitoids

A female parasitoid searching for hosts in a patch experiences a diminishing encounter rate with unparasitized and thus suitable hosts. To use the available time most efficiently, it constantly has to decide whether to stay in the patch and continue to search for hosts or to search for and travel to another patch in the habitat. Several informational cues can be used to optimize the searching success. Theoretically, encounters with unparasitized hosts should lead to a prolonged search in a given patch if hosts are distributed contagiously. The results of empirical studies strongly support this hypothesis. However, it has, to date, not been investigated theoretically whether encounters with already parasitized hosts (which usually entail time costs) provide a parasitoid with valuable information for the optimization of its search in depletable patches, although the empirical studies concerning this question so far have produced ambiguous results. Building on recent advances in Bayesian foraging strategies, we approached this problem by modeling a priori searching strategies (which differ in the amount of information considered) and then testing them in computer simulations. By comparing the strategies, we were able to determine whether and how encounters with already parasitized hosts can yield information that can be used to enhance a parasitoid’s searching success.

国有高新技术企业核心资源安全策略研究

市场经济条件下,任何企业在运营中都存在着风险,高新技术企业面临的环境更具动态性和复杂性,其面对的运营风险也更为复杂。由于国有高新技术企业在资源获取、经营管理方面所具有的特殊性,其知识产权、企业文化、人才等核心资源已成为国有高新技术企业安全运营、保持持续竞争优势的必要条件,因此,针对国有高新技术企业现状,笔者围绕人力资源、知识产权、企业文化3方面的安全问题进行研讨,并提出相应的策略即包括实行知识产权保护制度、构建以人为本的企业文化、防止人才流失的管理层收购和股票期权策略。     

Conservation impacts of commercial cultivation of endangered and overharvested plants

Overharvesting is one of the greatest threats to species survival. Farming overharvested species is a conservation strategy that can meet growing market demand and conserve wild populations of the target species. This strategy is compatible with the international community's desire to uphold the right of local communities to use biological resources to support their livelihoods. However, studies investigating whether farming can alleviate poaching pressure have focused almost exclusively on animals. To address the shortfall in plant-focused studies, we compiled information on commercial cultivation of threatened plants to assess its conservation benefits. Because China's rising middle class has rapidly intensified demand for wildlife products, we searched the scientific literature published in Chinese (China National Knowledge Infrastructure and Baidu) and in English. We found 32 reports that contained data on 193 internationally or nationally threatened plant species that were under commercial cultivation. These reports showed that cultivations of 82% of the 193 species were sustained by collecting whole plants from the wild periodically or continuously. Although based on a small sample size, species that were maintained in cultivation only through artificial propagation or seeds collected in the wild were likely associated with a reported reduction in wild harvesting of whole plants. Even so, results of correlation analyses suggested that production system, scale, and when a species began being cultivated had little effect on conservation status of the species, either globally or in China. However, species brought into cultivation relatively recently and on a smaller scale were more likely to have undergone a reduction in collecting pressure. Farming of nonmedicinal plants was most problematic for species conservation because wild plants were laundered (i.e., sold as cultivated plants). For effective conservation, policy to guide cultivation operations based on the target species’ biological characteristics, cultural significance, market demand, and conservation status is needed.