Ecological Study of Spring-Early Summer Phytoplankton Blooms in A Semi-Enclosed Estuary

A sampling station in the Eastern Harbour of Alexandria was operated for 51 days between 2 March and 12 June, 1991. the harbour had different wide physical and chemical variations. Six distinct phytoplankton blooms occurred during this period. It is concluded that the physicochemical conditions affected the phytoplankton community structure and species composition. A dense diatom bloom could be maintained in a very weak and/or stabilized water column. A diatom bloom does not necessarily accompany an enhanced nutrient period. the depletion of nutrients and establishment of thermal stratification probably created favourable conditions for dinoflagellate and flagellate species to achieve blooms. the species composition could be shifted over the short term and a dense phytoplankton bloom could possibly dissipate in a few days.     

Exploring barriers to home gardening in Ohio households

Scholars have noted that race and ethnicity, socio-economic status (SES) as well as other socio-demographic factors may limit participation in local food systems based on the historic and structured patterns of inequalities that remain in communities promoting alternative agriculture and food (agrifood) activities. However, few empirical studies have examined the barriers which prevent people from participating in local food system activities. This paper uses survey data from the 2008 Ohio Survey of Food, Agriculture and Environmental Issues to consider whether barriers such as interest, time, financial resources, geography and space impact the participation of households in home gardening. Results from logistic regression show that SES, the availability of space and housing type are important factors which limit or enable household participation in home gardening. This paper contributes to our understanding of the barriers that prevent households from participating in home gardening, a form of food system localisation that, while a potentially powerful way to transform the agrifood system, has been underexamined in its own right.     

向家坝水库水温时空特征及其成因分析

水温是水环境评价的重要因子之一,其对水生态系统中的物理、化学和生物过程起着重要作用。为了分析向家坝水库运行期内的水温分布特征及其成因,本文建立CE-QUAL-W2立面二维水温模型,并基于2014年野外原位监测水温数据对模型可靠性进行了验证,应用其对水温分布进行数值模拟。研究发现向家坝水库水温存在季节性垂向分层,4~6月中上层水体(水深0~60 m)受入流水温和气温回升影响迅速升温,表底温差达10℃,垂向分层加剧;7、8月水库泄洪加快了库区水体交换,底层水温迅速升高,中间等温层水体厚度增加,表底温差减小在2℃内,9月以后表底温差进一步缩小,垂向水温分层逐渐消失。通过分析发现:气象要素、入流水温、电站取水口高程、泄洪方式成为影响向家坝水温分布的主要因素。入流水温的变化只影响水库水温波动范围,对其垂向分层结构影响较低;表层水温受气象条件影响显著;取水口高程和泄洪方式决定了水温的垂向结构。     

Multi-Destination and Multi-Purpose Trip Effects in the Analysis of the Demand for Trips to a Remote Recreational Site

One of the basic assumptions of the travel cost method for recreational demand analysis is that the travel cost is always incurred for a single purpose recreational trip. Several studies have skirted around the issue with simplifying assumptions and dropping observations considered as nonconventional holiday-makers or as nontraditional visitors from the sample. The effect of such simplifications on the benefit estimates remains conjectural. Given the remoteness of notable recreational parks, multi-destination or multi-purpose trips are not uncommon. This article examines the consequences of allocating travel costs to a recreational site when some trips were taken for purposes other than recreation and/or included visits to other recreational sites. Using a multi-purpose weighting approach on data from Gros Morne National Park, Canada, we conclude that a proper correction for multi-destination or multi-purpose trip is more of what is needed to avoid potential biases in the estimated effects of the price (travel-cost) variable and of the income variable in the trip generation equation.     

上海市郊中小河流夏季水污染特征研究

在夏季对上海郊区一典型的中、小河流河网水质进行监测 ,结果表明 :(1)河流水体普遍有很高的氮磷和有机负荷 ,其CODcr、总磷、总氮等指标均数倍于《地面水环境质量标准》中规定的V类水最大允许值 ,水体正处于严重的富营养化状态。位于集镇居民区和养殖场附近河流的污染更为严重。 (2 )受富营养化和河流底泥污染物释放的影响 ,河流水质还存在分层现象 ,尤其是水流滞缓、水深不足两米的小河流更为明显。主要表现为 :底层水氨氮 ,TRP(总反应态磷 )和SRP(溶解反应态磷 )的含量明显高于表层水 ;而表层水的 pH和DO高于底层水 ;同时 ,由于底层水处于厌氧的环境下 ,NO- 3-N、NO- 2 -N含量低于表层水。 (3)由于长期受纳污水、污物 ,中、小河流底泥有很高的氮磷累积 ,凯氏氮平均达 3.5 2 6 (N ,mg) / g ;总磷平均达 2 0 5 2 .2 5 0 (P ,mg) /kg。集镇居民区河流底泥总磷含量高达 5 813.838(P ,mg) /kg ;养殖场附近河流底泥凯氏氮高达 5 .96 4 (N ,mg) / g。底泥孔隙水中的NO- 3-N、NO- 2 -N含量很低 ;NH+4的含量是河流底层水的 3～ 2 4倍 ;SRP的含量约是河流底层水的 2～ 16倍。由于底泥有机污染重 ,耗氧量大 ,处于厌氧的环境 ,其交换态Fe2 +的含量很高     

不同强度降雨径流对水源水库热分层和水质的影响

基于西安金盆水库2012～2019年汛期多场不同强度的降雨径流水质数据,对水温、浊度、总氮、总磷及含砂率等指标进行分析,全面探究不同强度降雨径流潜入过程及其对水源水库热分层与水质的影响.结果发现,不同强度降雨潜入库区位置不同,径流量较小时(洪峰流量<500m3/s),径流为等温度层潜流,从温跃层上部进入库区;中径流(洪...     

水温分层对三峡水库香溪河库湾春季水华的影响

三峡水库蓄水以来,其支流库湾年复一年暴发严重的春季水华.为找出支流库湾春季水华的关键影响因子,2010年春季对三峡水库库首最大的支流香溪河库湾进行了原位定点连续监测,主要监测指标包括水温、水体透明度、水下光照及营养盐浓度等环境因子.结果表明,春季水温分层发育导致水体混合层深度突然减小是春季水华暴发的直接诱因,真光层与水体混合层之比(Zeu/Zmix)与叶绿素a(Chl-a)的皮尔逊相关系数达0.934(P<0.01).表明Critical Depth模型可用于解释三峡水库典型支流库湾水华生消机制.本研究将为三峡水库支流库湾水华预报及防治提供重要参考.     

耕作方式对华北冬小麦田土壤微生物生物量碳分布特征的影响

土壤微生物生物量碳（SMBC）反映了土壤有机碳（SOC）情况,其值大小代表了土壤肥力的高低,研究不同耕作方式SMBC的变化特征及其影响因素具有重要意义。试验于2001年在中国科学院栾城农业生态系统实验站开始,试验设置翻耕（CT）、旋耕（RT）、免耕（NT）三个处理。利用熏蒸提取-容量分析法研究了不同耕作处理2007～2008年冬小麦生育期的SMBC分布特征及影响因素。结果表明SMBC具有时空变化特征：在冬小麦生育期中,各SMBC处理均随着时间波动起伏,并在小麦返青期和扬花期达到峰值;空间分布上SMBC含量随土壤深度的增加而降低。不同耕作处理间差异显著,0～5 cm土层SMBC以NT最高,CT最低;5～10 cm土层RT与CT相当,NT最低;10～20 cm土层以CT最高,NT最低;20～30 cm各处理均较低,NT亦为最低。对不同处理SMBC层化率分析显示：NT具有明显的表层富集现象;RT处理0～10 cm SMBC分布均匀;CT处理0～20 cm SMBC分布均匀。对SMBC的影响因素分析表明：土壤有机碳是SMBC空间分布的主要影响因素,二者呈显著正相关。而土壤温度和土壤含水量是影响SMBC季节变化的主要外界因素。     

抚仙湖夏季热分层时期水温及水质分布特征

为探究高原深水湖泊抚仙湖夏季热分层时期水温水质空间特征及昼间变化规律,于2014年7月在抚仙湖南部、中部及北部各选取一个代表点位,开展了各点分层采样及北部点位昼间连续分层采样调查观测.结果表明:(1)抚仙湖夏季水温分布具有明显的深水湖泊成层期温度分布特征,表面至水深15 m为变温层,水温变幅25.51~22.81℃,15~40 m为温跃层,水温变幅22.81~14.72℃,40 m以下为等温层,水温变幅14.72~13.70℃.湖体表层与湖底层的最大温差为11.8℃,与温带湖泊同期相比温差较小,而湖底等温层水温为14℃左右,较温带湖泊为高,体现了抚仙湖高原深水湖泊自身的水温成层特征.(2)水温成层决定了湖体的化学成层与生态成层特征:pH、溶解氧(DO)及电导率均呈现出与水温分布相同的分层结构,值得关注的是湖底层DO浓度低至2~3 mg·L~(-1),作为贫营养湖泊,抚仙湖底层开始出现溶解氧偏低的现象昭示着其可能面临潜在的生态风险;总磷(TP)及总氮(TN)由于温跃层的阻隔,等温层呈现一定程度的营养盐累积效应;叶绿素a与高锰酸盐指数也均与水温分层存在对应的响应关系,在湖体上层出现最大值.(3)抚仙湖热分层时期,水温分层存在昼间变化,中午光照辐射增强导致温跃层下潜,强度变大,厚度变窄,显著影响变温层和温跃层的pH、DO、电导率及叶绿素a等动态分布,TP、TN及高锰酸盐指数的昼间变化规律不显著.     

城市污泥-猪粪混合堆肥过程中湿度的层次效应及其动态变化

由城市污泥、猪粪混合堆肥试验表明:升温期堆体各剖面的湿度在50.82%～60.87%之间,高温期在38.7%～52.17%之间;升温期和高温期堆体中湿度的层次效应不明显,堆肥仓门、仓内壁以及堆体深度对湿度层次效应的影响较小;降温期堆体各剖面的湿度在24.54%～49.39%之间,湿度层次效应非常明显,仓门、仓内壁和堆体深度对湿度层次效应产生明显影响;后熟期堆体各剖面的湿度在19.18%～49.34%之间,湿度层次效应相对减弱,仓门和仓内壁是导致湿度层次效应减弱的重要原因.不同堆肥期堆体剖面的湿度差异由大到小为:后熟期>降温期>高温期＝升温期,堆体的湿度由大到小为:下部>中部>上部.堆肥过程中湿度随时间的变化满足二级动力学方程.