大型梯级水库对河流生态流量的影响——以金沙江下游梯级为例

大型梯级水库通常具有较大的调节库容,水库运行使坝下河道自然的流量过程受到较大扰动,一些具有重要生态意义的流量组的特征被改变,如洪水、高流量脉动、低流量和极端低流量。基于BRAIN等提出的河流生态流量影响研究理论,结合金沙江屏山断面的水文与河流生态的关系,选取水平年组对高流量脉动和极端低流量组的判别参数进行率定,确定自然条件下屏山断面生态流量组指标值。模拟金沙江下游梯级建成后的逐日流量过程,求得各生态流量组指标值并与自然条件下的指标值进行对比,分析金沙江下游“乌东德-白鹤滩-溪洛渡-向家坝”梯级水库建成后可能对屏山断面生态流量过程的影响。研究结果表明：建库后屏山断面将可能出现“极端低流量消失、低流量提高、高流量脉动散化、洪水基本保持”的变化特点.     

Chlorobenzenes in waterweeds from the Xijiang River （Guangdong section） of the Pearl River

The Xijiang River is the major source of water for about 4.5 millions of urban population and 28.7 millions of rural population. The water quality is very important for the health of the rural population. The concentration and distribution of chlorobenzenes (CBs) in both water and waterweeds collected from 4 stations in the Xijiang River (Gangdong section) of the Pearl River in April and November were determined. The result showed that nearly every congener of CBs was detected. The total contents of CBs (∑CBs) in the river water ranged from 111.1 to 360.0 ng/L in April and from 151.9 to 481.7 ng/L in November, respectively. The pollution level of CBs in the water in April was higher than that in November. The contents of ∑ CBs in waterweeds ranged from 13.53×102 μg/g to 38.27×102μg/g dry weight (dw). There was no significant difference between April and November in waterweeds. The distribution of CBs in roots, caulis, and leaves of Vallisneria spiralis L. showed different patterns. The leaves mainly contained low-molecular-weight CBs(DCBs), whereas the roots accumulated more PCBs and HCBs. The average lgBCFlip (bioconcentration factor) of CBs ranged from 0.64 to 3.57 in the waterweeds. The spatial distribution character of CBs in the Xijiang River was: Fengkai County ＜ Yunan County ＜Yun'an County ＜ Gaoyao County according to the ∑CBs, and the pollution deteriorated from the upstream to the downstream of the Xijiang River. Further analysis demonstrated that the discharge of waste containing CBs may be the main source of CBs pollution in the Xijiang River.     

水流模拟断面中硝基苯的迁移转化规律

采用实验室模拟装置研究了4,10和20 ℃条件下,封闭、开放状态和不同环境因素影响下硝基苯污染水团流经模拟断面前后, 硝基苯在上覆水与沉积物中的迁移转化规律. 结果表明:封闭、开放状态模拟断面上覆水和沉积物中硝基苯迁移分配受温度变化影响显著;开放状态下,上覆水、沉积物中硝基苯变化量均低于封闭状态. 挥发不但影响硝基苯在沉积物-上覆水间的迁移分配,而且能促进沉积物中硝基苯的解吸;光照对模拟断面硝基苯迁移转化无影响. 对于相同的沉积物和上覆水,影响模拟断面系统中硝基苯迁移、分配的因素依次为温度、挥发和光照. 分析实验结果和材料推测,硝基苯在该实验条件下不存在降解转化.      

淮河流域(河南段)水质时空变化特征及其与土地利用类型的关系

水质的定量评估有利于地方政府制定和实施水污染防治政策.为研究近期淮河流域行政区划尺度上水质的时空变化特征及其受土地利用类型的影响,以淮河流域（河南段）为研究区,根据2009-2017年31个水质站点的水质周测浓度,结合土地利用遥感监测数据,利用季节性Mann-Kendall趋势检验法及Spearman相关分析法,对ρ（COD_Cr）、ρ（NH₄+-N）和ρ（TP）的时空变化特征及其与土地利用类型的相关性进行分析.结果表明:①在时间上,ρ（COD_Cr）、ρ（NH₄+-N）和ρ（TP）在大部分地区呈下降趋势,但各水质指标依然较高,ρ（COD_Cr）和ρ（TP）在丰水期略高于枯水期,ρ（NH₄+-N）在枯水期高于丰水期.②在空间上,水污染比较严重的有沱河、浍河、惠济河、涡河、贾鲁河、清潩河、颍河中游、黑茨河、汾泉河和洪汝河,大部分站点为GB 3838-2002《地表水环境质量标准》Ⅳ类或Ⅴ类水质,部分站点甚至属于GB 3838-2002劣Ⅴ类水质;而颍河上游、北汝河、沙河、淮河干流及史灌河的水质较好,基本属于GB 3838-2002Ⅰ类或Ⅱ类水质.③土地利用类型与水质之间的相关性表现为ρ（COD_Cr）、ρ（NH₄+-N）、ρ（TP）与旱地和城镇面积占比均呈正相关,与林地、草地和荒地面积占比均呈负相关,与水域面积占比也呈负相关但不显著.研究显示,淮河流域（河南段）水质有所改善,但部分地区水污染问题仍然比较严重,旱地与城镇用地是造成研究区水污染的主要原因,林地、草地、荒地和水域能够缓解水污染.      

小流域地段景观生态设计研究——以大别山巴河上游地段为例

在实地调查研究的基础上，分析了巴河上游流域地段的景观结构功能与演替及流域治理存在的问题，切中流域生态环境变化的要害——水土流失问题。在区内景观带自然分异的基础上，进行了流域景观生态设计。     

Where are the Sunday babies? II. Declining weekend birth rates in Switzerland

Birth dates from almost 3 million babies born between 1969 and 2005 in Switzerland were analyzed for the weekday of birth. As in other countries but with unprecedented amplitude, a very marked non-random distribution was discovered with decreasing numbers of births on weekends, reaching -17.9% in 2005. While most of this weekend births avoidance rate is due to fewer births on Sundays (up to -21.7%), the downward trend is primarily a consequence of decreasing births on Saturdays (up to -14.5%). For 2005, these percentages mean that 3,728 fewer babies are born during weekends than could be expected from equal distribution. Most interestingly and surprisingly, weekend birth-avoiding rates are significantly correlated with birth numbers (r = 0.86), i.e. the lower the birth number per year, the lower the number of weekend births. The increasing avoidance of births during weekends is discussed as being a consequence of increasing numbers of caesarean sections and elective labor induction, which in Switzerland reach 29.2 and 20.5%, respectively, in 2004. This hypothesis is supported by the observation that both primary and secondary caesarean sections are significantly correlated with weekend birth avoidance rates. It is therefore likely that financial aspects of hospitals are a factor determining the avoidance of weekend births by increasing the numbers of caesarean sections.     

海城市污水排放对太子河水质的影响分析

海城河、五道河是海城市2条纳污河流,也是入太子河小姐庙断面上游的最后2条支流,小姐庙断面是太子河流域最下游的国控断面,也是该流域鞍山境内河流水质的重点考核断面,而海城河、五道河水质好坏将直接影响到小姐庙断面的水质;根据几年来掌握的监测数据,对海城河、五道河水中的COD浓度现状、纳污量及太子河对小姐庙断面水中COD浓度的贡献率进行了分析,并提出了污染控制对策。     

湘江株潭长段江水(枯水期）和沉积物中汞的分布和形态

湘江株潭长段江水中(枯水期)的总汞含量为(1.881 ±1.854)μg·L-1,以颗粒态汞为主.总汞和溶解态汞最大值都出现在霞湾,霞湾-湘潭段衰减快,此后缓慢衰减一直到洞庭湖.沉积物中总汞平均含量为0.846 mg·kg-1,处于高的污染水平,沉积物总汞的最大值也出现在霞湾,达到3.268 mg·kg-1.远远超过国...     

广州市流溪河流域白云区段生态系统服务价值的估算与分析

在分析流溪河流域白云区段生态系统的景观变化和生态环境现状的基础上,依据流溪河流域白云区段的土地详查数据(1993年)及其土地利用变更调查数据(2001年末),引用Constanza等对全球生态系统服务单位公顷价值的平均估算结果,对流溪河流域白云区段生态系统服务价值进行评估。评估结果表明:2001年流溪河流域白云区段生态系统服务的总价值为85190050.43美元,折合人民币70700.75万元,相当于该区域同期GDP的6.22%。由于存在影响核算结果准确性的一些因素,因此,该结果是粗略与保守的估算。     

大断面巷道中空预应力注浆锚杆的支护效果研究

针对金川矿区大断面巷道在强构造应力作用下围岩变形严重的情况,提出了中空预应力注浆锚杆的支护工艺。通过数值计算得出以下结论:相比传统的普通砂浆锚杆支护工艺,采用中空预应力注浆锚杆支护工艺能够主动加固围岩,提高支护刚度;巷道两帮的变形减小了约14.56%,最大、最小主应力分别降低了4.4%和7.2%,粘结层破坏范围也随之减小。通过对支护后巷道变形监测发现:两帮最终变形量减小了约36.6%;通过抗拔实验,中空预应力注浆锚杆的抗拔力达到140kN,远大于普通砂浆锚杆的40kN抗拔力,中空预应力注浆锚杆有更好的支护效果。