生物炭负载氨氮对土壤碳排放、酶活性及微生物群落的影响

土壤氮输入形式显著影响土壤CO₂ 排放.生物炭负载氨氮作为一种新型氮输入形式,既降低了农田化学氮肥投入,又减少了环境治理成本,其对推动国家化肥零增长、农田面源污染防治和实现国家“碳达峰”、“碳中和”目标意义重大.通过室内培养试验,设置不施肥（CK）、单施化学氮肥（CF）、生物炭配施化学氮肥（BF）和生物炭负载氨氮（BN）这4种处理,研究了不同氮输入形式对土壤碳排放、酶活性及微生物群落的影响.结果表明,与CF相比,BF显著提高了累计碳排放量（66.24 %）,而BN未见显著性差异.值得注意的是,BN累计碳排放量较BF处理显著降低了35.28 %.与CF和BF相比,BN处理β-葡萄糖苷酶,过氧化物酶,多酚氧化酶活性显著提高了20.25 %和5.20 %,36.72 %和36.19 %,90.36 %和61.36 %.与CF相比,BF处理提高了微生物群落丰富度和群落多样性,BN处理降低了微生物群落丰富度.与BF相比,BN处理变形菌门相对丰度降低了11.16 %,放线菌门和拟杆菌门相对丰度分别提高了8.12 %和5.83 %.对微生物群落结构影响最大的土壤因子是木糖苷酶活性,绿弯菌门相对丰度与纤维二糖水解酶活性极显著相关;芽单胞菌门相对丰度与β-葡萄糖苷酶活性极显著相关;变形菌门相对丰度与累计碳排放量呈极显著相关.综上所述,生物炭负载氨氮较生物炭配施化学氮肥显著减少了累计碳排放量,其减排效果更优.研究结果将有利于国家“双碳战略”落地、生物天然气产业健康发展、国家绿色种养循环农业体系构建和国家化肥零增长战略实现.     

生物炭改良盐碱地研究与应用进展

盐碱地作为21世纪严重威胁粮食产量的农田问题土壤之一,分布广泛,具有极大的开发潜力.生物炭作为高效的新型土壤改良剂,在缓解土壤酸碱障碍、土壤污染治理、碳封存和肥料缓释等方面发挥了重要作用,有力地推动了盐碱地农业的可持续发展.近年来,关于生物炭改良盐碱地的研究和应用备受关注.但由于生物炭来源、结构和组分的复杂性和非均质性,其对盐碱地的改良效果存在极大的不确定,也缺乏关键机制的系统总结和深度探讨,这限制了生物炭技术在盐碱地改良中的进一步推广和应用.通过综合分析生物炭对盐碱地土壤理化性质、养分有效性和生物特征的影响,归纳总结生物炭和改性生物炭对盐碱地的改良效果及其提质增效作用,阐明生物炭在盐碱地改良中存在的可能机制,并对未来研究方向进行了展望,可为进一步研发绿色高效精准的盐碱地生物炭改良技术及其推广应用提供参考.     

羧基稻草阳离子吸附剂的制备及其去除水溶液中亚甲蓝的研究

为促进工业废水处理并降低废水处理费用,研究了柠檬酸热化学酯化法改性稻草制备可生物降解阳离子吸附剂的方法.实验比较了天然和改性稻草去除溶液中阳离子染料(亚甲蓝)的能力,研究了不同实验参数(pH值、吸附剂量、染料浓度、离子强度、吸附时间)对亚甲蓝吸附效果的影响在pH为2～10范围内,天然稻草去除亚甲蓝的能力随pH值的增加而增加,而改性稻草在pH≥3时对染料的去除率达到最大.改性稻草用量大于1.5g·L-1时几乎能完全去除浓度为250mg·L-1亚甲蓝溶液中的染料.改性稻草用量为2.0g·L-1对浓度为50～450mg·L-1的亚甲蓝溶液去除率保持在98%以上.增加溶液的离子强度会导致亚甲蓝去除率降低.染料吸附等温线符合Langmuir模式.吸附过程符合准一级反应动力学方程.酯化改性使染料的吸附剂粒子内扩散速率常数(kid)大大增加.研究结果表明,改性稻草是良好的亚甲蓝吸附剂.     

掺杂型生物炭的制备及其吸附亚甲基蓝特性研究

采用颗粒活性炭掺杂生物质材料并在微波作用下制备了小麦秸秆(WH)微波生物炭和玉米秸秆(CB)微波生物炭,并用比表面积孔径分析仪、扫描电子显微镜和傅里叶变换红外光谱仪对其进行了表征,考察了微波生物炭对水中亚甲基蓝的吸附特性.实验结果表明:所制备的微波生物炭具有较大的比表面积和丰富的表面官能团,微波功率500 W制备的微波...     

微波辐照麦秸制造活性炭

研究了微波辐照经氯化锌浸渍的麦秸制造活性炭。实验结果表明,经微波辐照８ｍｉｎ,所得到活性炭的亚甲蓝脱色力为１７０ｍＬ／ｇ,为国家标准一级品（ＬＹ２１６－７９）的１．４２倍,时间仅为传统方法的１／４５。     

改性稻草吸附铜离子的热力学研究

研究表明稻草改性后吸附铜离子的能力得到很大提高。在4种温度下（15、27、37、50℃）,改性稻草吸附铜离子的最大吸附量分别为1．10、1．24、1．34、1．50mmol／g。不同温度下,吸附自由能△G大大小于零,吸附过程具有强烈的自发趋势。吸附焙△H和吸附熵△S都大于零,吸附过程是熵增加推动的。     

塔里木河干流区退耕还林（草）改善生态措施探讨

在国家实施西部大开发战略,提出退耕还林（草）,再造山川秀美的历史机遇面前,针对塔里木河干流区尤其是下游绿色走廊生态环境恶化的现实问题,分析产生问题的具体原因,阐明在合理开发、利用和配置水资源的前提下,退耕还林（草）是改善生态环境的有力措施以及实施退耕还林（草）对改善该区域生态环境的作用和意义,论述退耕还林（草）应掌握和处理好改善生态与经济发展、改善生态与农业结构调整、现代技术应用与传统方式的关系,探讨退耕还林（草）中合理的林草比例及科学的林草结合方式。     

Source profiles of particulate organic matters emitted from cereal straw burnings

Cereal straw is one of the most abundant biomass burned in China but its contribution to fine particulates is not adequately understood. In this study, three main kinds of cereal straws were collected from five grain producing areas in China. Fine particulate matters （PMzs） from the cereal straws subjected to control burnings, both under smoldering and flaming status, were sampled by using a custom made dilution chamber and sampling system in the laboratory. Element carbon （EC） and organic carbon （OC） was analyzed. 141 compounds of organic matters were measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrum （GC-MS）. Source profiles of particulate organic matters emitted from cereal straw burnings were obtained. The results indicated that organic matters contribute a large fraction in fine particulate matters. Levoglucosan had the highest contributions with averagely 4.5% in mass of fine particulates and can be considered as the tracer of biomass burnings. Methyloxylated phenols from lignin degradation also had high concentrations in PM2.5, and contained approximately equal amounts of guaiacyl and syringyl compounds. 13-Sitostrol also made up relatively a large fraction of PMz5 compared with the other sterols （0.18%-0.63% of the total fine particle mass）. Normal alkanes, PAHs, fatty acids, as well as normal alkanols had relatively lower concentrations compared with the compounds mentioned above. Carbon preference index （CPI） of normal alkanes and alkanoic acids showed characteristics of biogenic fuel burnings. Burning status significantly influenced the formations of EC and PAHs. The differences between the emission profiles of straw and wood combustions were displayed by the fingerprint compounds, which may be used to identify the contributions between wood and straw burnings in source apportionment researches.     

Preparation1 and utilization of wheat straw anionic sorbent for the removal of nitrate from aqueous solution

In order to reduce the impact of eutrophication caused by agricultural residues (i.e. excess nitrate) in aqueous solution, economic and effective anionic sorbents are required. In this article, we prepared anionic sorbent using wheat straw. Its structural characteristics and adsorption properties for nitrate removal from aqueous solution were investigated. The results indicate that the yield of the prepared anionic sorbent, the total exchange capacity, and the maximum adsorption capacity were 350%, 2.57 mEq/g, and 2.08 mmol/g, respectively. The Freundlich isotherm mode is more suitable than the Langmuir mode and the adsorption process accords with the first order reaction kinetic rate equation. When multiple anions (SO42-, H2PO4-, NO3-, and NO2-) were present, the isotherm mode of prepared anionic sorbent for nitrate was consistent with Freundlich mode; however, the capacity of nitrate adsorption was reduced by 50%. In alkaline solutions, about 90% of adsorbed nitrate ions could be desorbed from prepared anionic sorbent. The results of this study confirmed that the wheat straw anionic sorbent can be used as an excellent nitrate sorbent that removes nitrate from aqueous solutions.     

秸秆还田对稻田温室气体排放的影响:Meta分析——以长江中下游地区为例

全球气候变暖是人类面临的严峻挑战,稻田生态系统在全球气候变暖中起到重要的作用。目前已有许多学者通过大田试验的方法研究了不同秸秆还田方式下温室气体排放的特征,但由于试验地点等因素的不同导致最终的结果差异很大。通过整合这些结果来研究区域内不同秸秆还田方式(翻耕秸秆还田(CTS)、免耕秸秆还田(NTS)和旋耕秸秆还田(RTS))下稻田温室气体排放的特征,能够准确地反映一定区域内稻田生态系统的净减排潜力。本文基于长江中下游地区32篇关于秸秆还田对稻田温室气体排放的文献收集173组数据,利用Meta分析方法研究了3种秸秆还田方式下稻田CH_4和N_2O排放的特征,并估算出不同秸秆还田方式下稻田的全球增温潜势和净增温潜势。结果表明,CTS、NTS和RTS处理下稻田CH_4周年排放的效应值分别为0.76、0.37和0.68,稻田N_2O周年排放的效应值分别为0.44、0.36和0.52;在两熟制下,不同秸秆还田方式下稻田CH_4周年排放的效应值的大小为RTSCTSNTS,但N_2O周年排放的效应值的大小为RTSNTSCTS。在三熟制下,三种秸秆还田方式下稻田CH_4的周年排放的效应值的高低为CTSRTSNTS,而N_2O周年排放的效应值的高低为RTSNTSCTS。在相同的秸秆还田方式下,三熟制稻田温室气体周年排放的效应值都高于两熟制。此外,不同的还田秸秆种类影响稻田温室气体的排放;结合前期研究,估算出CTS、NTS和RTS处理下稻田的净增温潜势分别为12 375.55、11 232.36和15 982.87 kg CO_2-equivalent·hm~(-2)。因此,免耕秸秆还田是长江中下流地区稻田净减排条件下适宜的秸秆还田方式。