Influence of moisture content,particle size and forming temperature on productivity and quality of rice straw pellets

A large amount of rice straw is generated and left as much in paddy fields, which causes greenhouse gas emissions as methane. Rice straw can be used as bioenergy. Rice straw pellets are a promising technology because pelletization of rice straw is a form of mass and energy densification, which leads to a product that is easy to handle, transport, store and utilize because of the increase in the bulk density. The operational conditions required to produce high quality rice straw pellets have not been determined. This study determined the optimal moisture content range required to produce rice straw pellets with high yield ratio and high heating value, and also determined the influence of particle size and the forming temperature on the yield ratio and durability of rice straw pellets. The optimal moisture content range was between 13% and 20% under a forming temperature of 60 or 80 °C. The optimal particle size was between 10 and 20 mm, considering the time and energy required for shredding, although the particle size did not significantly affect the yield ratio and durability of the pellets. The optimized conditions provided high quality rice straw pellets with nearly 90% yield ratio, ?12 MJ/kg for the lower heating value, and >95% durability.     

秸秆黑碳的制备及吸附特性

基于前期实验确定在氮气保护3种温度(550、650和750℃)制备秸秆黑碳,并用XRD、SEM对其结构、形貌进行了表征,研究它对吡唑酮废水中铵盐吸附去除效果.结果表明,650℃秸秆黑碳改变了晶体的有序度和结晶度,断面微孔道分布疏松均匀规则,具有较大的比表面积,而且有一定数量的纳米级黑碳颗粒;它的吸附特性优于750℃和550℃的秸秆黑碳,吸附率最高为95.31％;650℃秸秆黑碳最佳吸附工艺:吸附温度和饱和时间分别为35℃和4h,吸附振荡频率为100r/min.秸秆黑碳的吸附速率快、适用条件宽是处理铵盐废水的良好材料.     

温度与秸秆比例对牛粪好氧堆肥的影响简

为了研究不同C/N比值在不同温度条件下牛粪堆肥30 d时的全量养分和有机质的含量情况,提出了以新鲜牛粪和苜蓿秸秆混合物为堆料,在添加1%的生物腐熟剂的基础上,对堆肥温度及C/N比进行调控,并进行交叉实验。结果表明,（1）采用培养箱进行好氧发酵时,在温度为30℃和45℃的环境下堆肥最佳,温度过低或过高都会影响堆肥。（2）牛粪高温好氧堆肥时,添加一定比例的苜蓿秸秆可以调节堆料的C/N比值、含水量,缩短堆肥时间,其中牛粪与秸秆比例为1：1混合堆肥效果较好。（3）堆肥30 d时,堆料的TN、TP和TK含量较堆肥初期都有所增加,有机质含量有所降低是因为矿化和释放养分造成的,且各含量均符合国家有机肥标准。     

Atrazine leaching through surface and subsurface of a tropical Oxisol

The fate of ¹⁴C atrazine was investigated using microcosms and an undisturbed Red-Yellow Latossol (Oxisol) under simulated rainfall conditions of 200 mm water month^?1. Experiments were carried out using microcosm cores, the first with an uncovered surface soil; the second set with uncovered subsurface soil; the third with subsurface soil covered with 3 cm of cow manure and the last with subsurface soil covered with 5 cm of grass straw. Average values for the amount of atrazine leached after 60 days were as follows: surface soil 1.6%; subsurface 47.3%; subsurface plus manure 17.3% and subsurface plus straw 24.8%. In the surface soil, 53% of the ¹⁴C atrazine remained within the upper 1 cm, while in the subsurface microcosms the atrazine was more evenly distributed. The authors report that surface soil was retained atrazine and its metabolites for 60 days. The addition of a straw or manure covering to exposed subsoil helped to retard atrazine leaching.     

Deposition and Leaching of Tebuthiuron on Sugar Cane Straw Applied with and Without Alkyl Polyglycoside Adjuvant

Abstract

A laboratory experiment was carried out aiming to study the effects of an alkyl polyglycoside adjuvant (APG) on deposition and leaching of the herbicide tebuthiuron applied on sugar cane straw. Tebuthiuron, at concentration of 1200 mg L^?1, was applied separately and in tank mix with the APG adjuvant, at concentrations of 0.07 and 0.09% (wt v^?1), using a spraying volume of 204 L ha^?1. A precipitation equivalent to 20 mm of rain was simulated, 24 h after the applications, to evaluate the herbicide leaching. The quantification of tebuthiuron was carried out by the high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). It was observed that the addition of APG adjuvant at 0.07% (wt v^?1) provided an increase of 11.5% in the deposition of tebuthiuron on straw, reduction of 50.4% in the drift of the herbicide and it did not affect significantly the leached amount (68.5%), when compared with the treatment where tebuthiuron was applied alone (70.8%). At the concentration of 0.09% (wt v^?1), the APG adjuvant caused an increase of 22.7% in the deposition; it reduced the drift of the herbicide by 99.9% and reduced the leached amount by 7.6% thereby increasing the retention of the herbicide by straw.     

不同堆肥方式对鸡粪与秸秆混合堆肥效果

以鸡粪和玉米秸秆为堆肥原材料,进行了露天堆肥和反应器堆肥对比实验。结果表明,反应器堆肥（堆体P2）较露天堆肥（堆体P1）升温快,堆体P2达到了《粪便无害化卫生标准（GB7959—87）》的要求,堆体P1未达到;在整个堆肥过程中,堆体P1的水分总损失量（26．5％）大于堆体P2的水分总损失量（20．6％）;堆体P1和P2的有机质降解主要发生在堆肥前期0～21d,分别完成了81．4％和84．5％的有机质降解量;堆体P1和P2的C／N比在堆肥过程中均呈下降趋势,最终C／N比分别为18．3和14．8;种子发芽指数GI_P1〈GI_P2,表明采用堆体P2的堆肥产品的植物毒性较堆体P1更小。各指标实测数据表明,反应器堆肥的堆肥产品的稳定性和腐熟程度较露天堆肥更好。     

液氨预处理强化复合菌系WSC-6降解稻秆的性能

高效、经济的预处理技术对提高稻秆的生物降解效率,实现稻秆资源的工业化利用具有重要意义。为确定液氨对稻秆生物降解性的影响,以复合菌系WSC-接种液氨预处理的稻秆,研究其生物降解性能。结果表明,用液氨预处理后的稻秆作为碳源,由于营养结构的改变,复合菌系WSC-6需要经过3d的适应期进入对数增长期,氮源利用率和微生物浓度均显著高于未处理的对照组。复合菌系WSC-6对其生物降解性得到明显提高,7d后的稻秆失重率达到62．7％,纤维素、半纤维素和木质素的降解率分别达到57．5％、85．6％和36．3％。液氨预处理对发酵系统的pH值影响不大,复合菌系WSC-对稻秆降解的pH值仍维持在6．5～8．6之间,有利于进行丁酸型发酵,这对后续利用乙酸高效生产沼气具有重要意义。     

秸秆禁烧禁抛与综合利用探讨

焚烧秸秆害人害已,综合利用利国利民。文中通过分析在实施秸秆禁烧禁抛与综合利用工作中存在的问题,提出了应对的举措。     

紫外辐照引入含氧官能团对生物炭吸附气体和水中苯的影响

以椰壳为原料制备生物炭,采用365 nm紫外光辐照增加吸附剂表面含氧官能团,探究其对生物炭吸附气体和水中苯的影响.理化表征和吸附实验结果表明,生物炭表面含氧官能团增加后,对气体中苯的吸附量提高9.25倍,而对水中苯的吸附量却降低14.64%.生物炭对气体中苯的吸附过程符合Elovich动力学模型,而对水中苯的吸附过程符合准二级动力学模型.含氧官能团的引入使生物炭对气体和水中苯的等温吸附过程从符合Freundlich模型变为符合Langmuir模型.Weber-Morris模型分析认为,增加含氧官能团,可增强生物炭对气体中苯的表面吸附速率,却阻碍了苯从水中向吸附剂颗粒内扩散的过程,水分子与苯竞争吸附是导致生物炭对水中苯吸附量降低的主要原因.     

麦草木质素水泥混凝土减水剂研究

将从麦草造纸黑液中提取的木质素进行磺化改性,探索其作为水泥混凝土减水剂的可行性,研制了ＺＳ－３号减水剂,同时对麦草造纸黑液资源化治理工艺中产生的含磺化木质素素糖液进行了水泥混凝土减水性实验,研制了ＺＳ－２号减水剂,实验结果表明,ＺＳ－３使水泥混凝土减水率达１０％,７ｄ抗压强度增加１８％,２８ｄ抗压强度增加５％,达到水泥混凝土普通减水剂性能。ＺＳ－２使水泥混凝土减水率达１０％,７ｄ抗压强度增加７３％