二氯喹啉酸在水稻、土壤和田水中消解动态及残留

为评价二氯喹啉酸在水稻及其土壤中的安全性,建立其在水稻上的使用规范,于2008、2009年在杭州、济南和铁力三地进行田间试验,研究了二氯喹啉酸在水稻、土壤和田水中消解动态及最终残留量。建立了二氯喹啉酸在水稻、土壤和田水中残留量的超高效液相色谱串联质谱测定方法。在添加水平5～100μg.kg-1范围内,二氯喹啉酸的平均回收率在81.6%～105.7%之间,相对标准偏差均低于17.9%。残留试验结果表明,二氯喹啉酸在植株、土壤和田水中消解均符合一级动力学方程,消解半衰期分别为16.4～18.6、16.6～21.9和15.4～16.9 d;二氯喹啉酸在植株、土壤、糙米和稻壳中最终残留量均未检出（〈5μg.kg-1）。若二氯喹啉酸在水稻中的最高残留限量推荐值为0.5 mg.kg-1,建议每年以有效成分25 g.mu-1的剂量,于水稻移栽后10 d喷施1次,用于防治水稻田中稗草。     

气相色谱仪检测溶解气H2、He最佳观测条件的选择

通过色谱柱、固定相以及载气流速的选择性实验 ,提高了气相色谱仪在观测地下水中H2 、He分离效能和检测效能。本文对此作介绍 ,以期对使用气相色谱仪进行地下水H2 、He观测的台站能有所启发和借鉴     

Courtship display by great frigatebirds, Fregata minor: an energetically costly handicap signal?

We used detailed time-budget observations, mark-resight data, and doubly labeled water estimates of energy expenditure to test whether energy spent on courtship display by male frigatebirds functions as a sexually selected handicap signal. During a 2-day period of time budget observations, males displayed on average 29.5% of the time (range 0–100% for 15 different males), and this value was correlated with an index of season-long display effort. Season-long display effort was strongly predictive of pairing success. Average field metabolic rate (FMR) during the 2-day time budget period was 676.5 kJ/day (range 464.8–1035.0), substantially lower than the mass-specific FMR predicted from studies of other seabirds during incubation or chick-rearing. Despite a low overall FMR, display effort could function as an energetic handicap, either if FMR correlates positively with the amount of courtship performed or if high-quality males display at a high rate because they pay a lower energy cost per unit of display than do low-quality males. We found no relationship between FMR and display rate, despite good power for doing so. We also did not find a significant difference in energy spent divided by courtship time for males that were or were not chosen by females (inferred to be high- and low-quality males, respectively), though the medians differed in the predicted direction (preferred males having lower relative costs than non-preferred males) and the confidence interval on the difference between groups was very wide. Thus, we found evidence that male courtship effort is predictive of pairing success, we rejected one mechanism by which energetic cost of display could function as a handicap, and our test of the alternate energetic handicap mechanism was equivocal.     

吡虫啉的光解水解和土壤降

在实验室测定了吡虫啉的光解、不同ｐＨ条件下的水解与在东北黑土等３种不同土壤中的降解。试验结果表明，在３００Ｗ低压汞灯下，吡虫啉水相溶液的光解呈一级反应动力学反应，光解半衰期为６．８１ｈ；在ｐＨ５、ｐＨ７、ｐＨ９的缓冲溶液中的水解半衰期分别为３０．６、１３．６与８．０ｄ；在东北黑土、太湖水稻土和江西红壤中的降解半衰期分别为１０．７、１１．１和４．１ｄ。     

Extinction Rate Estimates for Plant Populations in Revisitation Studies: Importance of Detectability

Abstract:  Many researchers have obtained extinction-rate estimates for plant populations by comparing historical and current records of occurrence. A population that is no longer found is assumed to have gone extinct. Extinction can then be related to characteristics of these populations, such as habitat type, size, or species, to test ideas about what factors may affect extinction. Such studies neglect the fact that a population may be overlooked, however, which may bias estimates of extinction rates upward. In addition, if populations are unequally detectable across groups to be compared, such as habitat type or population size, comparisons become distorted to an unknown degree. To illustrate the problem, I simulated two data sets, assuming a constant extinction rate, in which populations occurred in different habitats or habitats of different size and these factors affected their detectability. The conventional analysis implicitly assumed that detectability equalled 1 and used logistic regression to estimate extinction rates. It wrongly identified habitat and population size as factors affecting extinction risk. In contrast, with capture-recapture methods, unbiased estimates of extinction rates were recovered. I argue that capture-recapture methods should be considered more often in estimations of demographic parameters in plant populations and communities.     

西双版纳胶-茶群落中茶树的光合特性及其影响因子

胶-茶群落在西双版纳地区有大面积分布,研究该群落中茶树的光合特性及其影响因子,可以为胶茶间作和茶树种植的实践提供理论依据.在自然条件下使用Li-6400便携式光合系统测定了西双版纳低(570 m)、高(870 m)两个不同海拔高度的胶-茶群落中茶树连体叶片的光合日进程,并对比研究了群落和纯林中茶树叶片的光响应.结果表明,两个群落中茶树叶片的最大净光合速率、暗呼吸速率、光补偿点和光饱和点均显著低于茶树纯林.两个群落中茶树的净光合速率日进程曲线均为"单峰"型,高海拔茶树的光量子通量密度、净光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度均显著高于低海拔茶树的.相关性分析表明,光量子通量密度是引起群落中茶树光合差异的主要因素.群落林下光照的增强提高了茶树的净光合积累.在高海拔地区采用以茶树为主的胶茶种植结构将促进经济效益的提高.图3表3参24     

直接高压放电降解水中苯酚的效果

采用直接高压放电降解水中含有苯酚,自行设计加工了线筒式放电反应器,考察了氧气鼓入量、反应器压力、溶液初始pH对苯酚降解效果的影响.结果表明:在所设计的放电反应器中,放电电极直径为0.6 mm、地极直径29 mm或者38 mm,电压8～10 kV,电流4～14 mA,气体鼓入量为60 mL·min-1、溶液初始pH为9左右时,在180 min之内水中苯酚降解达到90%以上.同时发现溶液电导率具有相对应的变化趋势.     

秸秆腐解剂在秸秆还田中的效果研究初报

在大田、微区和盆栽条件下,研究了秸秆腐解剂对小麦、水稻生长及产量的影响,同时研究了秸秆腐解剂对小麦、水稻秸秆腐解速率及对土壤肥力的影响。结果表明,稻、麦秸秆还田时施用秸秆腐解剂对提高稻、麦产量具有明显的增产效果,增产的原因是穗数和粒数增加;稻、麦秸秆还田量不同时,还田量大且配施秸秆腐解剂的效果较还田量小好;麦秸秆还田方式不同时,麦秸以栽稻前耕翻还田且配施秸秆腐解剂的效果较好,上水沤制的效果较差;秸秆腐解剂能促进稻、麦秸秆较快腐解,减轻和防止多量秸秆还田给作物生长带来不利影响,并可稳定和提高土壤养分含量。     

海洋纤毛虫——巨大拟阿脑虫的实验生态研究Ⅲ.pH对种群生长的影响

就水环境中pH对巨大拟阿脑虫Paranophys magna（纤毛门,盾纤目）种群生长的影响及后者的应答与适应进行了探讨,结果表明,虫体生存的pH阈值约为5－9．6,最适范围为7.0-9.0;pH对巨大拟阿脑虫的种群生长有显著影响,种群自然增长率及种群所达最大种群密度均随pH的不同而明显改变。     

抽穗期低温对杂交晚粳宁67A／K1722结实率的影响

利用人工气候箱研究了抽穗期低温对杂交晚粳新组合宁67A/K1722开花量、包颈率及结实率的影响。结果表明：低温使抽穗速度明显变慢,开花量减少,包颈率呈现上升趋势,不同温度处理对结实率的影响不同,17℃与21℃处理间差异极显著,而19℃与21℃间差异不显著,不同时期处理及不同处理天数（3d,5d,7d和12d）间结实率差异不显著,表明该组合对抽穗期低温的耐受力较强,对抽穗期耐低温的鉴定指标问题进行了讨论。