Determination and discussion hydraulic retention time in membrane bioreactor system

Based on the microorganism kinetic model, the formula for computing hydraulic retention time in a membrane bioreactor system (MBR) is derived. With considering HRT as an evaluation index a combinational approach was used to discuss factors which have an effect on MBR. As a result, the influencing factors were listed in order from strength to weakness as: maximum specific removal rate K, saturation constant Ks, maintenance coefficient m, maximum specific growth rate ,ua and observed yield coefficient Yobs. Moreover, the formula was simplified, whose parameters were experimentally determined in petrochemical wastewater treatment. The simplified formula is θ= 1.1( 1/β -1)(Kｓ S)/KXo , for oetroehemical wastewater treatment K and Ko eaualed 0.185 and 154.2, resoectively.     

VEGETATION INFLUENCE ON SMALL STREAM SILTATION1

ABSTRACT: A meandering stream channel was simulated in the Hydraulics Laboratory at Colorado State University and a series of tests was conducted using four types of vegetation to evaluate the potential effects of vegetation on sediment deposition and retention in a stream channel. The data collected included average flow velocity, flow depth, length of vegetation, density of vegetation, cross-sectional area of the vegetative stem, wetted perimeter of the vegetative stem, and injection and flushing time. The findings indicated that the vegetation could retain from 30 to 70 percent of the deposited sediments. The ability of vegetation to entrap and retain sediment is related to the length and cross-sectional area of the vegetation. The variables describing the flow and the vegetative properties were combined to form a predictive parameter, the sedimentation factor (S_d) that can be compared with the amount of sediment entrapped by vegetation in a stream system. A relation was developed correlating vegetation length to sediment retention after flushing for flexibility and rigid vegetation.     

EFFECTIVENESS OF POLYACRYLAMIDE (PAM) IN IMPROVING RUNOFF WATER QUALITY FROM CONSTRUCTION SITES1

ABSTRACT: Erosion from construction sites significantly affects water quality in receiving streams. A rainfall simulator was used to evaluate the effectiveness of different methods for controlling erosion from construction sites. Erosion control methods investigated included dry and liquid applications of polyacrylamide (PAM), hydroseed, and straw mulch. Fertilizer was also applied to each plot to examine the effectiveness of the methods in reducing nutrient losses in runoff. Runoff samples were analyzed for total suspended solids (TSS), nitrate, total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), ammonium, total phosphorus (TP), and orthophosphate. Among all treatments investigated, straw mulch was the most effective treatment for controlling TSS and nutrient losses during short term and long term simulations. The low liquid PAM (half the recommended PAM) treatment resulted in the highest reduction in runoff, TSS bound nitrogen, and total nitrogen (TN) concentrations and loadings. The study results indicate that a high application rate (twice the recommended rate) of PAM could actually increase runoff and TSS losses. At a low application rate, both liquid and dry PAM were effective in reducing TSS and nutrient losses in runoff. However, application of the liquid form of PAM to construction sites is more practical and perhaps more economical than applying the PAM in the dry form.     

作物秸秆资源的利用及其影响因素--以山西省夏县为例

作物秸秆资源的利用对提高食物安全,减轻环境污染,促进农业可持续发展具有重要意义.通过对农户的调查,分析了山西省夏县的秸秆利用途径,对该县秸秆利用现状进行了评价,并分析了造成这种现状的原因.结果表明,夏县作为典型的"小麦-玉米"二熟农作区,秸秆利用效率较高,其中小麦秸秆主要用于工业原料、饲料和还田,玉米秸秆则主要用于饲料和弃置堆放.这种利用方式与造纸业发展、传统的牲畜饲喂方式、农业机械化发展和气候特点有关.最后提出了进一步高效利用秸秆资源的建议.     

Effect of water washing on the thermal behavior of rice straw

Rice straw can be used as a renewable fuel for heat and power generation. It is a viable mean of replacing fossil fuels and preventing pollution caused by open burning, especially in the areas where this residual biomass is generated. Nevertheless, the thermal conversion of rice straw can cause some operating problems such as slag formation, which negatively affects thermal conversion systems. So, the main objective of this research is studying the combustion behavior of rice straw samples collected from various regions by applying thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). In addition, the thermal behavior of ashes from rice straw was also analyzed in order to detect their melting points, and ash sintering was detected at different temperatures within the range between 550 and 1000 °C. Since washing rice straw with water could reduce the content of undesirable inorganic compounds related to the ash fusibility, samples of washed rice straw were analyzed under combustion conditions to investigate its differences regarding the thermal behavior of rice straw. The results showed that rice straw washing led to a significant improvement in its thermal behavior, since it reduced the ash contents and sintering formation.     

Effects of sludge retention time, carbon and initial biomass concentrations on selection process: From activated sludge to polyhydroxyalkanoate accumulating cultures

Four sequence batch reactors (SBRs) fed by fermented sugar cane wastewater were continuously operated under the aerobic dynamic feeding (ADF) mode with different configurations of sludge retention time (SRT), carbon and initial biomass concentrations to enrich polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) accumulating mixed microbial cultures (MMCs) from municipal activated sludge. The stability of SBRs was investigated besides the enrichment performance. The microbial community structures of the enriched MMCs were analyzed using terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP). The optimum operating conditions for the enrichment process were: SRT of 5 days, carbon concentration of 2.52 g COD/L and initial biomass concentration of 3.65 g/L. The best enrichment performance in terms of both operating stability and PHA storage ability of enriched cultures (with the maximum PHA content and PHA storage yield (Y_PHA/S) of 61.26% and 0.68 mg COD/mg COD, respectively) was achieved under this condition. Effects of the SRT, carbon concentration and initial biomass concentration on the PHA accumulating MMCs selection process were discussed respectively. A new model including the segmentation of the enrichment process and the effects of SRT on each phase was proposed.     

磁性PEI功能化秸秆的制备及对Pb (Ⅱ)的吸附

为获得同时具有优良的吸附性能和磁分离特性的生物吸附材料,以汽爆秸秆为基质,采用戊二醛交联剂法制备了磁性聚乙烯亚胺功能化秸秆吸附剂（Fe₃O₄-PEI-RS）,通过SEM、XRD、FTIR、XPS和VSM等手段表征了材料的结构和性质,测定了Pb（Ⅱ）在Fe₃O₄-PEI-RS上的吸附性能,考察了pH、吸附时间、吸附剂投加量、Pb（Ⅱ）初始浓度、温度等因素对吸附的影响.结果表明,Fe₃O₄-PEI-RS对Pb（Ⅱ）的吸附具有强烈的pH依赖性;吸附时间对Pb（Ⅱ）的吸附效率有明显的影响,在180 min时吸附达到平衡,吸附过程符合准二级动力学模型;Langmuir和Freundlich模型都能很好地描述Pb（Ⅱ）在Fe₃O₄-PEI-RS上的吸附行为,20、30和40℃时最大吸附量分别为192.31、200.00和212.77 mg/g;热力学参数△G < 0,而焓变△H>0、△S>0,说明该吸附属于熵增加的自发吸热反应过程,升温有利于吸附.重复试验表明,EDTA作解吸剂,经5次吸附/解吸附循环后吸附剂仍能保持较高的吸附容量.研究显示,所制Fe₃O₄-PEI-RS对Pb（Ⅱ）具有较高的吸附容量,稳定性好、可循环利用,能在磁场下实现快速分离.      

玉米秸秆生物炭对贵州黄壤持水能力的影响

生物炭具有丰富的微孔结构,能够影响土壤的持水性能,对植物生长和土壤中养分的保持有着重要意义。而土壤水分特征曲线又是表征土壤持水能力的一个重要指标。本文通过压力膜法测定添加不同比例生物炭的黄壤水分特征曲线,并结合van Genuchten模型对实测结果进行拟合,推导水动力学参数。结果表明,随着生物炭施入量的增加(0、5%、10%),土壤的田间持水量增加,凋萎含水量降低,土壤有效含水量增加。生物炭添加能够显著提高土壤的持水能力,增强水分的可利用性。同时,van Genuchten模型拟合结果同实测值高度相似,可以用作预测生物炭改良土壤的水动力学参数。     

铝合金-丁腈橡胶航空带垫卡箍典型环境损伤研究

目的研究典型环境对丁腈橡胶-铝合金带垫卡箍的损伤效应。方法通过模拟铝合金-丁腈橡胶航空带垫卡箍使用时的装配结构和应力状态,应用GJB 150A—2009中的湿热和太阳辐射两种典型老化环境,采用宏观形貌观察、卡箍保持力测试和橡胶衬垫拉伸性能测试方法,结合扫描电子显微镜和傅里叶红外光谱技术,分析带垫卡箍的性能劣化过程。结果带垫卡箍在湿热和太阳辐射环境中老化50 d后,卡箍橡胶衬垫表面出现大量微孔缺陷,拉伸性能大幅降低,导致卡箍保持力分别下降了35%和51%。结论带垫卡箍在模拟装配状态下进行湿热和太阳辐射环境暴露实验,卡箍橡胶衬垫内部结构由致密逐渐变得疏松,部分碳碳双键发生氧化交联反应,并在一定程度上提高了聚合物的交联密度,材料硬度提高,回弹性能减弱,橡胶衬垫对芯轴的包裹能力降低,导致卡箍保持力性能降低。     

海水生物滤器氨氮沿程转化规律模型

生物滤器是海水循环水养殖系统中的核心水处理单元,其主要用于去除对养殖生物有害的氨氮、有机物等.本研究基于吸附原理和一级反应生物膜理论构建了氨氮在生物滤器中沿程转化规律的数学模型,并通过实验加以验证.实验所用生物滤器采用竹制空心生化球填料,装填高度为70 cm,在pH为7.1～7.6,DO为5～7 mg.L-1,气水比20∶1左右,有机负荷约为4g.(m3.h)-1,水力停留时间(HRT)为1 h条件下,生物滤器中氨氮的去除主要发生在填料高度0～10 cm处,10～70 cm处氨氮去除量很少.进水氨氮质量浓度的增大和水力停留时间的降低都会导致出水氨氮质量浓度增大.此外,模型对进水氨氮质量浓度较低时的沿程出水氨氮质量浓度具有很好的预测效果;当进水氨氮质量浓度较高时,预测值略低于实际结果.