城市道路隔离带绿化模式对人行道空气质量的影响评价

探讨城市道路绿化隔离带对于污染物的阻滞效应,以减少城市道路污染向两侧横向扩散,保护道路行人免受来自机动车道污染物的伤害具有重要的现实意义.因此,本研究在太原市区选择16条主干道(28个监测样点),以4种绿化植物配置模式(乔木+灌木+低绿篱、乔木+低绿篱、乔木、低绿篱)为研究对象,在无风或者微风(风速小于2 m·s-1)条件下对SO2、NOx、TSP和PM10等5种污染物进行现场监测.研究结果表明,城市道路绿化隔离带对于控制机动车道的主要污染物向非机动车道的扩散具有明显作用,绿化隔离带的植物模式差异会影响绿化带吸附和阻隔污染物能力的强弱.在此基础上,通过构建一个新的评价指标来比较各个模式在阻滞污染物方面的能力.结果显示,与其他模式相比,低绿篱模式和乔木+灌木+低绿篱模式分别对NH3和PM10具有更高的降低能力.对于SO2、NH3、NOx等气态污染物,以乔木(T)为配置模式的绿化带效果最佳,而对于TSP、PM10等颗粒污染物,乔木+灌木+低绿篱(TSH)模式的阻滞净效应最高.新评价指标能够准确定量评价绿化带植物对污染物阻滞效应能力的大小,具有较好的应用性.     

Evaluation of the QUIC-URB fast response urban wind model for a cubical building array and wide building street canyon

This paper describes the QUIC-URB fast response urban wind modeling tool and evaluates it against wind tunnel data for a 7 × 11 cubical building array and wide building street canyon. QUIC-URB is based on the Röckle diagnostic wind modeling strategy that rapidly produces spatially resolved wind fields in urban areas and can be used to drive urban dispersion models. Röckle-type models do not solve transport equations for momentum or energy; rather, they rely heavily on empirical parameterizations and mass conservation. In the model-experiment comparisons, we test two empirical building flow parameterizations within the QUIC-URB model: our implementation of the standard Röckle (SR) algorithms and a set of modified Röckle (MR) algorithms. The MR model attempts to build on the strengths of the SR model and introduces additional physically based, but simple parameterizations that significantly improve the results in most regions of the flow for both test cases. The MR model produces vortices in front of buildings, on rooftops and within street canyons that have velocities that compare much more favorably to the experimental results. We expect that these improvements in the wind field will result in improved dispersion calculations in built environments.     

不同结构形状的街道峡谷内污染物扩散

针对不同的城市街道峡谷结构形状,通过求解二维不可压缩N-S方程和K-ε湍流模型方程及污染物对流扩散方程,数值模拟了街道峡谷内的流场及机动车排放污染物浓度场,从而说明了街道峡谷的结构是影响街道峡谷内污染气体扩散的主要因素之一。     

街区污染物扩散的数值研究

对街区峡谷内交通污染扩散规律的研究是城市空气质量预测的主要内容之一。应用现代流体力学数值模拟方法进行大量算例的计算和分析,研究了城市街区峡谷污染物二维扩散的规律。包括比较各种条件下污染物的扩散浓度,考察来流风速、街区特征比例和日照等因素对扩散的影响,通过研究流场及湍流强度分析其扩散的动力学原因,为改进工程预测模式提供依据。     

我国城市街道灰尘中重金属的成分分析

收集了国内39个大中城市的3 720个城市街道灰尘重金属数据,通过描述性分析、评价分析、聚类分析和功能分异分析,初步确定了我国大中城市街道灰尘中重金属的成分及其污染程度。结果表明,我国城市街道灰尘中As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb、Zn的平均赋存量分别为17.82mg/kg、3.67 mg/kg、152.85 mg/kg、143.58 mg/kg、0.66 mg/kg、46.74mg/kg、220.88 mg/kg、602.30 mg/kg,且变化幅度较大,呈偏态分布。除As、Cr、Hg外,其余重金属均低于国外相应平均值。富集系数、Nemerrow指数、地质累积指数和潜在生态危害指数评价表明,污染最为严重的重金属是Cd、Hg、Pb。39个城市中,铜陵、广州、株洲、湘潭、惠州、韶关属于Cd-Hg-Pb-Zn-Cu极严重污染型,南京、上海、北京、芜湖、沈阳、香港、石家庄、杭州、合肥、乌鲁木齐等15个城市属于Cd极严重污染,成都、金华、镇江属于Pb-Zn-Cu强度污染型,其余15个城市的其他重金属为一般中度污染型。南方片区城市街道灰尘重金属污染整体比北方片区严重,中小城市的Cd、Hg、Cu、Zn等污染比特大城市严重,Pb、Cr则相反。城市街道灰尘重金属污染按功能区从高到低为工业区、居民区、商业区、风景区。     

The Effect of Large-Scale Turbulent Structures on a Simple 2-D Canyon-Type Flow

This paper is concerned with a preliminary experimental investigation of the interaction between large turbulent structures, generated in the wake of a circular cylinder, and the rough-wall turbulent boundary layer separated flow immediately downstream of a simple street canyon type geometry represented by backward-facing step. The motivation for the work was to provide some initial data for the validation of a 3-D k- turbulence model used for the prediction of flows and pollutant dispersion within the urban canopy. The aim has been to assess the extent of the perturbation of a simulated street canyon caused by regular large-scale eddies generated upstream. The research has involved the use of thermal anemometry to determine mean velocity and turbulence characteristics both upstream and downstream of the step, together with the mean reacttachment length for the recirculating flow. The results indicate that the presence of the cylinder in the flow reduces the reattachment length. In addition, the periodic structures generated in the cylinder wake are rapidly mixed with the turbulence in the step shear layer such that no periodicity is detected at the reattachment zone.     

Analysis of the St. Petersburg Traffic Data using the OSPM Model

Since October 1998 two DOAS instruments were installed at the level of the first floor and at the top of a building located in St. Petersburg at Pestelya Street. The collected datacovers the time period of December 1998–March 2001, and include concentrations of benzene, toluene, NO and NO₂, ozone and SO₂. There is also an additional information about the traffic intensity and meteorological conditions. The results of the analysis of this data set, using the OSPM model, are presented here with the goal to understand the features of the air pollution dispersion in this street canyon and to analyse the information about the emission factors of the vehicles. In particular, the model results are used for the solution of the inverse problem of reconstructing the emission factors from measured concentrations. The results obtained indicate that most of the concentrations are well inside the Russian standards with the only exception of NO₂ (mean and 98-th percentile are equal to 57.8 and 119.2 g m^-3 for the street level). The same values for benzene are 18.5 and 62.6, respectively. Emission estimates show that there is a possibility that the NO_x and benzene basic emission factors recommended by the Russian national guidelines could result in overestimating the traffic emissions. These considerations are supplemented with the model sensitivity tests carried out in connection with the problem of predictability of NO₂ concentrations in the street canyon. Tests indicate that NO₂ concentrations are not very sensitive to NO_x emissions because of the usually low urban background ozone levels.     

Adapting the Speciation of the VOCs Emission Inventory in the Greater Athens Area

An adaptation procedure of a new emission inventory of theGreater Athens Area is attempted, based on a sensitivityanalysis on the treatment of the VOC emissions. Throughthis procedure the impact that a more detailed treatment ofthe VOCs emissions might have on the atmospheric chemistrysimulations, is examined. For this analysis three differentchemical mechanisms were applied for two differentlocations (urban and city plume) with different VOC andNO_x mixture characteristics. Finally, this studyrecommends new carbon fractions, reflecting the localconditions in Athens basin.     

许昌市街道灰尘重金属含量及其粒径效应

对许昌市街道灰尘样品进行了重金属含量和粒度测试,研究了重金属在各粒径上的富集规律及其原因。结果表明:许昌市街道灰尘主要以粉砂为主(平均为57.62%),砂粒次之(平均值为25.18%),粘粒含量最少(平均值为17.21%)。街道灰尘中Cr、Cu、Zn、Pb、Mn、Ni和Co含量范围分别为60.9—277.4μg?g~(-1)、15.5—116.4μg?g~(-1)、76.5—398.7μg?g~(-1)、25.1—63.7μg?g~(-1)、356—519μg?g~(-1)、9.0—25.6μg?g~(-1)和7.9—10.4μg?g~(-1),平均值分别为96.8±42.7μg?g~(-1)、35.4±23.8μg?g~(-1)、145.3±67.2μg?g~(-1)、41.9±10.4μg?g~(-1)、408±35.7μg?g~(-1)、18.5±4.1μg?g~(-1)和9.0±0.7μg?g~(-1)。Zn、Pb、Cu和Cr的平均值均高于土壤背景值,分别为背景值的2.42倍、2.14倍、1.80倍和1.52倍,污染较重。而Mn、Ni和Co值富集程度较低,污染较轻。研究发现,Cu、Pb、Zn和Cr与50—100μm粗粉砂相关性显著,Mn和Ni与10—50μm细粉砂相关性较高,但其含量并未随着粒径的进一步减小而增强;而Co与10μm的粘粒组分相关性较强,其粒径效应明显。街道灰尘中不同重金属含量粒径效应的不同可能与重金属的吸附作用和同晶替换作用的相对强弱有关。     

The Presence of Calcium Oxalate Dihydrate (Weddellite) in Street Sediments from Niterói, Brazil and Its Health Implications

Established research in first world urban environments has shown street sediments to be effective sinks for heavy metals and emphasises the health risks to children by its inhalation or ingestion. In third world countries with fewer pollution controls, contamination may be augmented by additional pollutants such as sewage discharge into urban streets and/or periodic inundation with sewage-laden run-off. This pollutant not only contains heavy metals and organic matter, but calcium oxalates that may derive directly from the sewage itself. To study this premise street sediments were collected from sites of varying industrialisation and sewage contamination within the city of Niteroi, Brazil. Calcium oxalate dihydrate (weddellite) was identified by X-ray diffraction, fourier transform infra red and scanning electron microscopy techniques and oxalate concentrations in <63m and colloidal (clay and organic matter) fractions, were determined by ion chromatography. Oxalate in colloidal fractions averaged 43601mgkg^–1 in sewage contaminated industrialised urban zones, 4519mgkg^–1 in suburban areas and 17477mgkg^–1 in suburbs with favelas (shantytowns-of Niterói). Oxalate concentrations coincide with high levels of metal ions (Fe, Mn, Zn, Pb, Ni, Cr) that stabilise calcium oxalate dihydrate and prevent its dehydration to the monohydrate (whewellite). Lower levels of oxalate were found in lichen-covered roof sediment, plaster and mortar samples. Oxalate concentration coincides with sewage contamination and street sediments appear to act as a sink for calcium oxalate dihydrate derived from sewage. Previous studies have shown that low levels of exposure can damage kidneys and the nervous system, while prolonged exposure can cause severe corneal, retinal and skin damage, cyanosis and possibly gangrene. Contact with blood serum may result in hypocalcemia, muscular stimulation, convulsions and finally collapse. The conditions described are common throughout urban areas of the developing world and may suggest a particular environmental hazard in these regions.