高架桥对街道峡谷内大气颗粒物输运的影响

随着我国城市汽车保有量的迅速攀升,城市中心区域的空气质量与生态环境急剧恶化.利用计算流体力学(CFD)数值模拟,研究了3种H/W(街道建筑物高度/峡谷宽度)下高架桥对街道峡谷内颗粒物扩散的影响.建立了街道峡谷内机动车尾气中颗粒物扩散模型,并给出了边界条件.采用标准k-ε模型与离散相模型对街道峡谷内部气流运动、颗粒物扩散及浓度分布进行了模拟计算,并计算了高架桥对风场及颗粒物扩散的影响.结果表明:H/W越大,街道峡谷内颗粒物浓度越高,同时颗粒物平均滞留时间越长.相对于没有高架桥的街道峡谷,高架桥附近区域风场变化明显,但对建筑物墙壁、地面及峡谷顶层处影响较小.街道峡谷内存在高架桥时,在墙壁较低处颗粒物浓度增加.      

风向对街道峡谷内污染物扩散的影响

采用Fluent软件,选用RNG k-ε湍流模型,对长高比为5的街道峡谷(简称街谷)在0°～90°风向下流场和污染物浓度场进行了数值模拟. 结果表明: 0°～75°风向时,街谷内流场呈明显的三维特性,90°风向时,流动表现出中长街谷的二维特点;风向对街谷内壁面污染物浓度的分布有显著影响,90°风向下的街谷壁面浓度最大,其次是45°风向,其余风向下的相对较小,污染物浓度的计算值与风洞试验值在趋势上吻合较好;壁面污染物浓度的分布由街谷内长度方向漩涡、来流冲角产生的进口回流及沿长度方向的流动所决定,壁面浓度的分布差异均可从附近的流场获得解释. 街道峡谷内长度方向的漩涡模拟过强会导致地面附近污染物浓度的计算值偏离试验值.      

Local or global food markets: A comparison of energy use for transport

Abstract

This study compares energy use for food transport to a farmers' market in Sweden with energy use for transport in the conventional food system. The farmers' market was investigated through data sampling from on-site investigations. The conventional food system was studied with the aid of life cycle assessments reported in the literature. Overall, the study found no significant differences in levels of energy use for transport to the farmers' market compared with the conventional food system. For certain products, such as fresh fruits and vegetables, transport-related energy use was much lower in the local system although the season in Sweden for this kind of product is restricted to two or three months at the end of the summer. However, there is considerable potential to increase energy efficiency in local food systems by organizing the selling in new ways and by using more energy efficient vehicles.     

大型商业建筑室内步行街商铺火灾荷载调查研究

以我国不同城市的5家大型商业建筑为调查对象,通过现场调查及数据统计分析等方法,对其室内步行街两侧329家商铺的火灾荷载进行调查研究。对不同经营业态商铺数量在所调查商铺总数中所占比例及其地面面积进行了统计,并且获得了商铺内部可燃物种类、数量、质量、分布等情况。按照不同的经营业态,对所调查店铺的火灾荷载密度进行了统计和计算,得出了3种不同分位值的火灾荷载密度,并比较分析了不同经营业态店铺的火灾荷载密度,为大型商业建筑火灾危险性分析及火灾场景设定提供了基础数据。     

北京建成区道路绿化空间结构和行道树健康状况

采用实地普查测量方法,定量研究了北京建成区188条道路行道树的树种结构、径级分布、立木层次和健康状况。结果表明,国槐（Sophora japonica）、毛白杨（Populus alba）、银杏（Ginkgo biloba）是建成区主要行道树种,使用量分别占研究区树木总株数的54．7％、13．7％和7．4％。建成区树木...     

西南高山峡谷区植被变化及影响因素分析

西南高山峡谷区是我国典型生态脆弱区,认识其植被变化特征及影响因素可以为西南高山峡谷区生态环境建设对策的制定提供理论依据,对实现区域经济、环境以及生态和谐统一发展,具有一定的现实意义.基于2000~2019年NDVI、社会经济因子和自然因子数据集,采用一元线性回归法、Hurst指数、地理探测器模型和变异系数等方法分析了西南高山峡谷区NDVI时空变化及稳定性特征,并探讨了NDVI空间分异影响因素.结果表明：①空间上看,植被呈现东南高,西北低的分布格局,中高和高植被覆盖的区域面积占比71.71%,植被覆盖总体处于较高水平.时间上看,植被呈现改善趋势的区域面积占比85.90%,恢复效果明显,且未来植被变化趋势还将以改善为主.②高程、植被类型和土壤类型是影响NDVI空间分异的主导因子,q值均不低于0.40;气温和降雨量为次要因子,q值分别为0.274和0.225.双因子交互作用增强了单因子的影响力,表现为双因子增强和非线性增强两种关系,其中高程∩植被类型组合q值最高为0.714,其次是高程∩土壤类型组合q值为0.688.③研究时段内NDVI整体稳定性较好,低波动变化和较低波动变化的区域面积占比为89.95%;而中等以上波动的区域面积占比为10.05%,集中在海拔高、气温低、降雨少、土壤贫瘠和植被较差等生态环境相对脆弱的区域.植被变化是多因素综合作用的结果,需因地制宜,有针对性地采取不同策略修复西南高山峡谷区生态环境.     

基于移动监测的城市街谷交通相关污染物浓度时空变化研究

为更好认识城市街谷内的大气污染特征和提供城市街谷优化设计的实证参考,本文以干旱区绿洲城市乌鲁木齐市北京南路为例,采用移动监测技术,分析了城市街谷大气污染物(CO、PM2.5)的时空分布,并识别其主要影响因素。结果表明:(1)早高峰空气质量优于晚高峰;交叉路口处污染物浓度普遍较低,但苏州路立交桥下污染物浓度较高;(2)两种污染物同源,其浓度与固定站点监测数据高度相关,风向与街谷成锐角时污染物浓度较低,风速较大时污染物浓度较高,污染物浓度与车流量相关程度较低;(3)街谷两侧建筑物高度比在[1.5,2)之间,污染物浓度较低,在[1,1.5)之间,污染物浓度较高;路网密度在[12,14)之间,污染物浓度较低,[12,14)之间的道路密度能够最大程度的降低街谷内污染物浓度。     

The role of primary and secondary air pollutants in atmospheric pollution: Athens urban area as a case study

The question to what extent primary and secondary air pollutants are relevant to atmospheric pollution and their effects on human health and the quality of the environment can be answered in a straight-forward manner: atmospheric processes, including oxidation procedures, particle formation and equilibria, determine the fate of primary emissions and, in most cases, the secondary products of these processes are the more important ones concerning their effects on human health and the quality of the environment. The formation of secondary products represents the critical property determining the establishment of certain air standards, rather than the actually emitted substance, although there are notable exceptions. In this paper, a review concerning transformation of primary pollutants as studied in the atmosphere of Athens is used to enlighten matters that may need further attention by the responsible authorities and stakeholders for the control and reduction of atmospheric pollution.     

非孤立街道峡谷大气流动及污染物扩散特征

实际城市街道皆为非孤立街道,采用数值模拟方法研究了等高与不等高非孤立街道峡谷的大气流动及汽车排放污染物扩散特征.通过与已有的风洞实验结果对比,发现二者较吻合,并且目标街道峡谷上下游建筑物的存在对目标峡谷内部的流场和浓度场有很大的影响.与孤立街道峡谷相比,非孤立街道峡谷中污染物的浓度要远高于孤立街道峡谷中污染物的浓度,而且随着上下游建筑物的增加,使到达目标街道峡谷的风速相对减弱,污染物在峡谷中难以扩散,造成了峡谷内部污染物浓度会随着峡谷数的增加而增大.并且发现不等高峡谷建筑物高度存在一个临界点.      

Improved source assessment of Si, Al and related mineral components to PM10 based on a daily sampling procedure

Samples obtained from an industrialized valley in the East Alpine region were collected daily for a half year and analyzed using X-ray fluorescence to examine the elements Si,Al,Fe,Ca,Mg,Na,K,Zn,P,S and Cl.Some factors affecting the changes of these elements were considered,including time,elemental correlations,weekday,weekend and seasonal changes.Diagnostic analysis provided an insight into a decoupling behavior that occursin siliceous and carbonates minerals.A decrease in Si and Al and an increase in carbonates,Na,K,Zn and P were observed during the cold season.However,a consistently high correlation of Si and Al was observed in all seasons.It was established that such high levels originated from street surface abrasion.The increase in variability and absolute levels of carbonates during the cold season was demonstrated by adding carbonates to the street surface as gritting material to increase the grip on snowy surfaces.A marked increase in Na and Cl was observed in winter which may have been caused by thaw salt that is widely used in winter in Austria.This was associated with a significant increase in K,Zn,and P in the cold season that was the result of domestic space heating with wood.PM10 levels in December were 12 μg/m3 and were higher than levels detected in July.It was established that such high levels originated from mineral oxides,wood smoke,and inorganic ionic material(s).