城市街道土壤重金属铅污染分布特征及评价——以贵阳市为例

随着中国社会发展和城市化的进程加快,城市街道重金属污染也越来越严重,对其研究为城市的健康发展有着重要的意义。通过对贵阳市城市街道土壤重金属铅污染进行了研究,结果表明:南明区街道土壤中铅的平均含量为145.37 mg.kg-1,为贵阳市土壤环境背景值的3.9倍,其它行政区街道土壤中铅的含量按金阳新区、花溪区、乌当区、小河区、云岩区、白云区顺序平均含量分别为61.09 mg.kg-1、103.67 mg.kg-1、105.47mg.kg-1、93.17 mg.kg-1、105.35 mg.kg-1、131.27 mg.kg-1,分别为贵阳市环境背景值的1.7倍、2.8倍、2.9倍、2.5倍、2.8倍、3.5倍数。不同行政区铅含量存在较大差异,而且铅在空间分布上也存在较大差异,其中金阳新区差异最大,小河区差异最小。采用地积累指数法及铅污染指数评价法表明:贵阳市城市道路土壤中铅污染市区外部大体上处于轻度污染水平,但市核心区和工业区处于偏中度至中度污染水平。     

The influence of street level bureaucracy on the implementation of Strategic Environmental Assessment

A number of factors are critical to the implementation of measures identified through Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) processes. This paper addresses the challenge of implementation from a street level perspective and studies the role of planners and their use of discretion in the SEA implementation process: in which way might planners hinder or facilitate the implementation of SEA? Which coping mechanisms and discretions are deliberately or unconsciously developed and used by the planners? The paper reviews the literature on street level bureaucracy (SLB) in order to identify both factors influencing the implementation behaviour of street level bureaucrats and their coping mechanism when confronted with these factors. Based upon the SLB theory, a case study explores the SLB behaviour involved in the implementation of the SEA of the Copenhagen spatial plan. The analysis shows a surprisingly high level of implementation of measures put forward in the SEA report, and underlines the role of planners at the front line of implementation, functioning as ‘innovators’ during the SEA process and the following implementation of measures. The paper documents the importance of examining planners’ role in SEA and their potential as levers for SEA implementation.     

有色冶金区街道灰尘中As和Pb的空间分布特征及其生态风险

应用ArcGIS地统计学方法研究了葫芦岛市有色冶金区街道灰尘中As、Pb的含量水平和空间分布特征,并采用地积累指数法和潜在生态危害指数法对样品中As、Pb的生态风险进行评价.结果表明,葫芦岛市街道灰尘中As和Pb的平均含量为33.10 mg·kg-1、533.2 mg·kg-1,分别是辽宁省土壤环境背景值的4倍、25倍...     

大气多源排放全方位C_(max)预测方法及编程技巧

大气环境评价中预测最大落地浓度是为了确定拟建工程污染物排放的最大影响水平。常用的最大落地浓度预测模式仅适用于单个点污染源 ,本文对多个点、面源排放提出了用高斯正态模式直接预测全方位地面最大浓度的实用方法。该方法在编程计算时如采用距离步长双重循环方式 ,可快速逼近最大浓度出现距离 ,以提高计算速度 ,同时保证预测精度 ;通过单点源实例 ,在模式和编程技巧上验证了这一方法的可靠性和精确性。     

壁面加热作用对街道峡谷污染物扩散的影响

采用CFD软件Fluent研究了不同壁面加热条件下街道峡谷内流场及污染物浓度分布情况.结果表明,当街道高宽比(H/W)为1.33时,在低风速(u=1m/s)条件下,当壁面与周围大气无温差时,街道峡谷内存在一个稳定的顺时针大漩涡,污染物在背风侧堆积.当背风面、地面和背风面分别被加热时,峡谷内流场分布与无温差时相似,此时峡谷内的湍流强度增强,导致污染物浓度降低.当迎风面被加热时,峡谷内流场由原来的单漩涡结构变为双漩涡结构,此时街道峡谷下部浓度较高,上部浓度相对较低.当地面和迎风面同时被加热,温差较小(?θ=2℃)时,街道峡谷内流场由单漩涡结构变为双漩涡结构; 温差增大为5℃,峡谷内由双漩涡分裂成了3个漩涡,此时污染物分布与迎风面被加热情况相似.通过实测值和模拟值的比较可知,Fluent软件对街道峡谷大气环境的模拟结果基本合理.     

基于TOP-RICE模型嘧菌酯·噻呋酰胺4%展膜油剂稻田水溢出对水生生态系统风险评估研究

为评估嘧菌酯·噻呋酰胺4%展膜油剂在我国稻田水溢出对水生生态系统的风险,本研究依据中华人民共和国农业行业标准NY/T 2882.2—2016《农药登记环境风险评估指南第2部分:水生生态系统》,采用TOP-RICE暴露模型分别单独评估了嘧菌酯和噻呋酰胺2种有效成分稻田滴撒方式应用时水溢出对水生生态系统的风险。其中,TOP-RICE初级暴露模型中有我国连平和南昌2个水稻-地下水暴露场景,每个场景都对分蘖期和拔节期进行分别评估。分析结果显示,嘧菌酯·噻呋酰胺4%展膜油剂中的嘧菌酯按照申请的良好农业规范(GAP)使用,生物富集风险可接受,初级风险评估对无脊椎动物(急性)和无脊椎动物(慢性)风险不可接受,但经中宇宙研究后,在连平和南昌2个场景点,均为拔节期用药对无脊椎动物的风险可接受,但分蘖期用药对无脊椎动物的风险不可接受;嘧菌酯·噻呋酰胺4%展膜油剂中的噻呋酰胺按照申请的GAP使用,生物富集带来的风险可以接受,经初级风险评估风险均可接受。在忽略2种有效成分相互间作用时,初步认为嘧菌酯·噻呋酰胺4%展膜油剂在我国稻田拔节期按照GAP要求施用时水溢出对水生生态系统的风险可接受,但应避免在分蘖期用药,以免其中的有效成分嘧菌酯对水生无脊椎动物产生不良影响。     

Dispersion in Urban Environments; Comparison of Field Measurements with Wind Tunnel Results

A wind tunnel study was performed to determine the dispersion characteristics of vehicle exhaust gases within the urban canopy layer. The results were compared with those from a field monitoring station located in a street canyon with heavy traffic load. The agreement found was fair. In the second part of the paper it is shown how wind tunnel data can be utilized to supplement and thereby enhance the value of field data for model validation purposes. Uncertainty ranges were quantified which are inherent to mean concentration values measured in urban streets.     

Comparison of Numerical Street Dispersion Models with Results from Wind Tunnel and Field Measurements

Numerical dispersion models developed and validated in different European countries were applied to data sets from wind tunnel and field measurements. The comparison includes the Danish Operational Street Pollution Model (OSPM) and the microscale flow and dispersion model MISKAM. The latter is recommended for application in built-up areas in the draft of the new German guideline VDI 3782/8. In a first step the models were applied to simplified street configurations. Different parameters as length and height of adjacent buildings and the angle of the incoming flow were varied. The results were compared to recent wind tunnel measurements. In a second step the models were applied to two extensively investigated field data sets from Jagtvej, Copenhagen and G ttinger Straße, Hannover. Intensified and more transparent and accessible validation procedures would be helpful for the thorough user.     

孤立与非孤立城市街道峡谷内污染物扩散

通过求解二维不可压N-S方程、k-ε方程及污染物对流扩散方程,模拟了孤立街道峡谷与非孤立街道峡谷内的流场及交通污染物浓度场.计算结果与风洞试验结果总体趋势一致.非孤立街道峡谷内污染物壁面浓度要大于孤立街道峡谷内的壁面浓度.通过计算街道峡谷建筑屋顶高度处的垂直方向污染物通量,说明了湍流扩散是污染物扩散出街道峡谷的主要原因,其污染物通量总为正,而平均流通量可以为负.非孤立街道峡谷由于平均流流动和湍流流动的总扩散通量减少,造成污染物在街道峡谷内集聚,从而理论上解释了非孤立街道峡谷与孤立街道峡谷污染扩散的差别.     

宝鸡市街尘中铅的污染与评价

文章系统研究了宝鸡市街尘中铅的含量水平,结果表明:宝鸡市街尘中铅的含量为140.60～1864.60mg/kg,平均值408.41mg/kg,为宝鸡市土壤环境背景值的19.1倍,污染现状较严重。地累积指数法和铅污染指数法的评价结果表明:宝鸡市街尘中铅污染整体上处于偏重污染水平;其中,加油站和火车站附近的交通干道上,其铅含量分别达到1864.60mg/kg和1138.40mg/kg,是宝鸡市铅污染最为严重的区域。