机动车排气污染物扩散模式

机动车排气污染物扩散模式可分为高斯型模式、经验模式、数值模式和箱模式,按此分类介绍了各种模式,并比较了它们的优劣和指出开发新模式的难点及需要解决的问题。     

Fractionation and Biotoxicity of Heavy Metals in Urban Dusts Collected from Hong Kong and London

Samples of urban dusts, road site dusts and car park dusts, were collected at two selected sites each in Hong Kong and London. Sequential extraction was used to characterise the chemical compositions of these urban dusts. Copper, lead, zinc, pH, electrical conductivity and organic content were measured. Biotoxicity tests of urban dusts were conducted on higher plants (Brassica chinensis and Lolium perenne), a dinoflagellate green alga (Dunaliella tertiolecta) and luminescent bacteria (Photobacterium phosphoreum). A significant correlation was found between total lead (r =; – 0.70, p < 0.01) and zinc (r =; – 0.74, p < 0.05), and the 20 min – EC50 using P. phosphoreum. In addition, there was a significant correlation (r = – 0.72, p < 0.01) between the exchangeable lead content in dust and the 48 h- EC30 using D. tertiolecta. No specific trend was obtained for higher plants. Total lead and zinc contents were higher in dusts from London while the percentage of exchangeable fraction of metal contents was higher in those from Hong Kong.     

The underutilization of street markets as a source of food security indicators in famine early warning systems: a case study of Ethiopia

Famine Early Warning Systems (EWS) are reliant on data aggregated from multiple sources. Consequently, they are often insensitive to localized changes in food security status, leading to delayed response or interventions. While price and infrastructural data are often gathered, this case study suggests that local street markets and vendor knowledge are underutilized. Few efforts have been made to monitor systematically the street markets as an indicator of local stressors. Findings from Ethiopia show that knowledge generated by expanding food security indicators in this sector can be used in combination with EWS to facilitate earlier intervention in, or to monitor more effectively, on-going humanitarian crises. Indicators developed from this study are accurate, cost effective, and sensitive to local climatic and food stressors.     

A framework for evaluation of flood management strategies

The resulting impact of disasters on society depends on the affected country's economic strength prior to the disaster. The larger the disaster and the smaller the economy, the more significant is the impact. This is clearest seen in developing countries, where weak economies become even weaker afterwards. Deliberate strategies for the sharing of losses from hazardous events may aid a country or a community in efficiently using scarce prevention and mitigation resources, thus being better prepared for the effects of a disaster. Nevertheless, many governments lack an adequate institutional system for applying cost effective and reliable technologies for disaster prevention, early warnings, and mitigation. Modelling by event analyses and strategy models is one way of planning ahead, but these models have so far not been linked together. An approach to this problem was taken during a large study in Hungary, the Tisza case study, where a number of policy strategies for spreading of flood loss were formulated. In these strategies, a set of parameters of particular interest were extracted from interviews with stakeholders in the region. However, the study was focused on emerging economies, and, in particular, on insurance strategies. The scope is now extended to become a functional framework also for developing countries. In general, they have a higher degree of vulnerability. The paper takes northern Vietnam as an example of a developing region. We identify important parameters and discuss their importance for flood strategy formulations. Based on the policy strategies in the Tisza case, we extract data from the strategies and propose a framework for loss spread in developing and emerging economies. The parameter set can straightforwardly be included in a simulation and decision model for policy formulation and evaluation, taking multiple stakeholders into account.     

宝鸡城市街尘、土壤及河流沉积物重金属形态迁移特征

在宝鸡城市街尘、土壤及河流沉积物基本理化性质和重金属元素含量分析的基础上,重点研究了重金属元素在街尘、土壤及河流沉积物中的赋存形态和迁移特征.结果表明:在街尘中Cu主要以可氧化态和残余态形式存在,Pb主要以可还原态和可氧化态形式存在,Zn和Cd主要以乙酸可提取态形式存在,Mn、Fe、Co、Ni和Cr主要以残余态形式存在...     

我国城市街道灰尘中重金属的成分分析

收集了国内39个大中城市的3 720个城市街道灰尘重金属数据,通过描述性分析、评价分析、聚类分析和功能分异分析,初步确定了我国大中城市街道灰尘中重金属的成分及其污染程度。结果表明,我国城市街道灰尘中As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb、Zn的平均赋存量分别为17.82mg/kg、3.67 mg/kg、152.85 mg/kg、143.58 mg/kg、0.66 mg/kg、46.74mg/kg、220.88 mg/kg、602.30 mg/kg,且变化幅度较大,呈偏态分布。除As、Cr、Hg外,其余重金属均低于国外相应平均值。富集系数、Nemerrow指数、地质累积指数和潜在生态危害指数评价表明,污染最为严重的重金属是Cd、Hg、Pb。39个城市中,铜陵、广州、株洲、湘潭、惠州、韶关属于Cd-Hg-Pb-Zn-Cu极严重污染型,南京、上海、北京、芜湖、沈阳、香港、石家庄、杭州、合肥、乌鲁木齐等15个城市属于Cd极严重污染,成都、金华、镇江属于Pb-Zn-Cu强度污染型,其余15个城市的其他重金属为一般中度污染型。南方片区城市街道灰尘重金属污染整体比北方片区严重,中小城市的Cd、Hg、Cu、Zn等污染比特大城市严重,Pb、Cr则相反。城市街道灰尘重金属污染按功能区从高到低为工业区、居民区、商业区、风景区。     

Estimation of PM10 in the traffic-related atmosphere for three road types in Beijing and Guangzhou, China

The levels of roadside PM10 in Beijing, China, were investigated in 2011 and 2012 on a seasonal basis to estimate the population exposure to particulates for three road types. The measurements of PM10 were also conducted in the southern Chinese megacity of Guangzhou for comparison purposes. The results showed that roadside PMlo in Beijing correlated strongly with the PM10 background in the urban atmosphere. The levels of PM10 in street canyons were markedly higher than those along the open roads and in crossroad areas because of limited ventilation. An elevation of PM10 was observed in April, which was possibly due to the sand storms that frequently occur in the spring. Based on these observations, roadside PM10 in Beijing could have multiple origins and was to some extent dispersion- governed. In Guangzhou, the roadside PM10 did not closely relate to the background values. The PM10 pollution was greatly affected by local traffic conditions. The simulation of PM10 for different road types was completed during the study period using the Motor Vehicle Emissions Factor Model （MOBILE6.2） as an emission model and the California Line Source Dispersion Model （CALINE4） and Operational Street Pollution Model （OSPM） as dispersion models. The MOBILE6.2/CALINE4 software package was demonstrated to be sufficient for the simulation of PM10 in the open roads and crossroad areas in both Beijing and Guangzhou, and the simulation results of roadside PM10 in the street canyons by the MOBILE6.2/OSPM package were in close agreement with those of the measurements.     

大庆市不同环境介质中多环芳烃污染特征对比及来源解析

为研究不同环境介质中多环芳烃(PAHs)污染特征的异同,对大庆市道路灰尘中多环芳烃的污染特征和来源进行研究,在2012年10月采集了大庆市区23个道路灰尘样品和4个土壤样品.使用戴安ASE300快速溶剂萃取仪提取PAHs,净化浓缩后,利用气相色谱/质谱联用仪(GC/MS)测定了美国环保署列为优先控制污染物的16种PAHs及总PAHs(ΣPAHs)的含量.结果表明,道路灰尘中ΣPAHs含量的范围为579.5~4 656.7 ng·g~(-1),平均值为1839.7 ng·g~(-1).大庆市不同功能区道路灰尘中PAHs占ΣPAHs的质量比例呈现大体相似的特征,低环(2~3环)、中环(4环)、高环(5~6环)PAHs所占比例均值分别为37.9%,37.3%和24.8%.与相关研究中大庆水体及湖泊沉积物中PAHs数据进行对比,发现大庆土壤、湖泊沉积物、湖泊和水泡水体中均为低环PAHs占绝对主导优势,其质量分数高达69.3%~99.97%.ΣPAHs含量的分布受功能区的影响并不显著,与样点周围工厂的类型密切相关.特征化合物比值法表明,研究区PAHs主要来自于石油类燃料的泄漏、石油燃料燃烧及煤炭/生物质燃烧的混合源.正定矩阵因子分解法(PMF)结果表明,研究区道路灰尘中PAHs主要来源为煤炭燃烧、石油泄漏源、工业源以及交通源,其贡献率分别为30.1%、26.9%、23.6%和19.3%,与大庆地区其他环境介质中PAHs来源不完全相同.     

西安城市不同功能区街道灰尘磁学特征及环境污染分析

为了解西安城市不同功能区的环境现状,通过采集西安城市不同功能区街道灰尘的样品,进行系统的环境磁学实验分析并结合扫描电子显微镜研究表明,街道灰尘中磁性矿物含量相对较高,多畴和假单畴的低矫顽力软磁性矿物为主要的载磁矿物,还含有赤铁矿等高矫顽力的硬磁性矿物.磁化率、饱和等温剩磁、低矫顽力软磁性矿物和非磁滞剩磁磁化率与饱和等温剩磁比值等磁性参数揭示出街道灰尘的磁学特征在西安城市不同功能区的差异以及污染的主要来源,根据污染程度划分为重度污染区、中度污染区和轻度污染区并对应西安市7个城市功能区:浐灞生态区(F区)为重度污染区,磁性物质含量较高,表明环境污染相对较重,污染的主要来源为"工业+交通";高新技术产业开发区(A区)和中心商务区(B区)磁性物质含量相对较高,粗颗粒物质相对较少,是中度污染的区域,其污染源分别为"工业"和"交通";经济技术开发区(C区)、科教商业区(D区)、科教文化产业区(E区)和教育科技产业区(G区)城市主要功能具有相似性,是轻度污染的区域,污染源主要为"交通".     

WIND DRIVEN RAIN DISTRIBUTIONS AROUND STREET CANOPIES1

ABSTRACT: Wind driven raindrop tracking is used to investigate the microscale redistribution of wind driven rainfalls in street canopies by combining a Eulerian wind flow model and a Lagrangian raindrop tracking model. The former conducts large eddy simulations of the turbulent flows in street canopies, and the latter performs raindrop trajectory calculations by releasing a large number of raindrops into the computational domain. The wind speed model is verified with available wind tunnel measurement. Twenty sets of simulations are carried out for various building configurations and driving rain angles. The simulated results show that the trajectories of smaller raindrops are more slanting and more influenced by the multibuilding perturbed flow field. Impingement of raindrops on the building envelope increases from bottom to top. The height of the front building is a significant factor affecting wind driven rain redistribution. Distinct nonuniform spatial rainfall distributions are found for scenarios with high building configurations and low driving rain angles. The simulated results are further integrated to assess the effect of real raindrop size distributions by weighing the volumetric fraction of a range of drop sizes. There is about 10 percent variation in spatial extent of street canopies. An overall 5 to 17.4 percent increase of the rainfall amount in the upwind zone is observed.