Effects of building aspect ratio, diurnal heating scenario, and wind speed on reactive pollutant dispersion in urban street canyons

A photochemistry coupled computational fluid dynamics (CFD) based numerical model has been developed to model the reactive pollutant dispersion within urban street canyons, particularly integrating the interrelationship among diurnal heating scenario (solar radiation affections in nighttime, daytime, and sun-rise/set), wind speed, building aspect ratio (building-height-to-street-width), and dispersion of reactive gases, specifically nitric oxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) and ozone (O₃) such that a higher standard of air quality in metropolitan cities can be achieved. Validation has been done with both experimental and numerical results on flow and temperature fields in a street canyon with bottom heating, which justifies the accuracy of the current model. The model was applied to idealized street canyons of different aspect ratios from 0.5 to 8 with two different ambient wind speeds under different diurnal heating scenarios to estimate the influences of different aforementioned parameters on the chemical evolution of NO, NO₂ and O₃. Detailed analyses of vertical profiles of pollutant concentrations showed that different diurnal heating scenarios could substantially affect the reactive gases exchange between the street canyon and air aloft, followed by respective dispersion and reaction. Higher building aspect ratio and stronger ambient wind speed were revealed to be, in general, responsible for enhanced entrainment of O₃ concentrations into the street canyons along windward walls under all diurnal heating scenarios. Comparatively, particular attention can be paid on the windward wall heating and nighttime uniform surface heating scenarios.     

不同气温层结条件下地面加热对街谷扩散能力的影响

利用CFD数值模拟方法研究了气温层结与地面加热作用对街谷环流和污染物扩散的影响.针对高宽比为0.5和1.0的两种街谷,总共进行了18组敏感性数值试验,结果表明相对于气温层结,地表加热是决定街谷附近污染物扩散能力的更为重要的因素,地表加热作用可显著提高街谷的扩散能力.在地表存在加热的情况下,流场结构、空气交换系数、湍流强度总体上均朝着有利于清除街谷内污染物的方向发展,即使是在稳定层结下,地表加热作用所产生的热力环流也会使得污染物能够被有效地输送和扩散到街谷之外,从而使得近地面的污染物浓度下降.     

城市室内外灰尘重金属形态差异分析——以贵阳市为例

本文以贵阳市为研究对象,选取室内外对应的样点16个,采集灰尘样品,利用tessier五步提取法提取室内外灰尘中的重金属Cu、Zn、Pb、Ni和Cd,分析室内外灰尘中重金属的形态分布及差异,并通过生物活性和迁移能力的比较评价室内外灰尘中重金属的潜在危害。结果显示:室内外灰尘重金属主要以铁锰氧化物结合态、有机结合态和残渣态形式存在。Cu、Zn、Pb、Ni和Cd在室内灰尘中的可交换态比例均远高于室外,而其在室外灰尘中有机结合态和碳酸盐结合态比例均高于室内,铁锰氧化物结合态除Cu外,其它元素均表现为室内所占比例高于室外。Cu、Ni和Cd在室内灰尘中的生物活性均高于室外,5种元素中,室内灰尘Cd的迁移性和生物活性最强。     

城市道路隔离带绿化模式对人行道空气质量的影响评价

探讨城市道路绿化隔离带对于污染物的阻滞效应,以减少城市道路污染向两侧横向扩散,保护道路行人免受来自机动车道污染物的伤害具有重要的现实意义.因此,本研究在太原市区选择16条主干道(28个监测样点),以4种绿化植物配置模式(乔木+灌木+低绿篱、乔木+低绿篱、乔木、低绿篱)为研究对象,在无风或者微风(风速小于2 m·s-1)条件下对SO2、NOx、TSP和PM10等5种污染物进行现场监测.研究结果表明,城市道路绿化隔离带对于控制机动车道的主要污染物向非机动车道的扩散具有明显作用,绿化隔离带的植物模式差异会影响绿化带吸附和阻隔污染物能力的强弱.在此基础上,通过构建一个新的评价指标来比较各个模式在阻滞污染物方面的能力.结果显示,与其他模式相比,低绿篱模式和乔木+灌木+低绿篱模式分别对NH3和PM10具有更高的降低能力.对于SO2、NH3、NOx等气态污染物,以乔木(T)为配置模式的绿化带效果最佳,而对于TSP、PM10等颗粒污染物,乔木+灌木+低绿篱(TSH)模式的阻滞净效应最高.新评价指标能够准确定量评价绿化带植物对污染物阻滞效应能力的大小,具有较好的应用性.     

Effect of adjuvants on rainfastness and herbicidal activity of glyphosate deposits on trembling aspen foliage

Abstract

Radiolabelled end‐use mixtures of glyphosate with and without a cationic surfactant (Ethomeen® T/25) and an organosilicone surfactant (Silwet® L‐77) were applied onto trembling aspen (Populus tremuloids Michx.) leaves at the rate of 1.0 kg of AE (acid equivalent) in 35 L/ha area of foliage. A 5‐mm rainfall with an intensity of 10 mm/h was applied at intervals of 0.5, 8, 24, 36, 48, 72, and 96 h after treatment. Glyphosate washoff was determined by liquid scintillation counting of radioactivity in the rain‐washing. At 36 h post‐treatment, both the adjuvants significantly reduced glyphosate washoff (Ethomeen by 69.6% and Silwet by 59.7%) from foliage, compared to the washoff (82.6%) when Vision alone was applied without the adjuvants. Results on the rate of plant growth indicated that with a rain‐free period of 8 h or more, the growth of most seedlings was stunted within 1 or 2 d. Percentage of foliar browning 20 d after treatment with rain‐free period of 8 to 48 h ranged from 8 to 80% for Vision alone, 75 to 100% for Vision with Ethomeen, and 85 to 100% for Vision with Silwet, respectively. Physical properties of the end‐use mixtures were measured with and without the two adjuvants to examine droplet spreading and drying rates in relation glyphosate rainfastness. The Silwet adjuvant lowered the surface tension of the end‐use mixture, but Ethomeen did not. Droplets containing Silwet were spread more than those containing Ethomeen. However, the greater area of contact caused by Silwet did not contribute to a significant increase in the translocation rate of glyphosate into untreated parts of the seedlings, and showed no relationship with rainfastness of glyphosate deposits on trembling aspen.     

Occupational deaths and injuries by the types of street cleaning process

This study aims to obtain an overall picture of occupational injuries by the types of street cleaning process. Three hundred and fifty-four injured persons were analyzed in terms of the company size and details of the injured persons and accidents. Results show that ‘roadway cleaning’ was the most common type of cleaning process for injuries, followed by ‘sidewalk cleaning,’ ‘going/returning to work by bike’ and ‘lifting/carrying.’ The findings also show that most accidents which occur when ‘going/returning to work by bike’ are in the form of traffic accidents, while in other processes they happen most often in the form of slips. Most of the accidents related to ‘lifting/carrying’ affected workers in their 50s or younger while other processes had a large portion of injured persons in their 50s or older. The findings of this study can be used as baseline data for preventative policies.     

Analysis of the St. Petersburg Traffic Data using the OSPM Model

Since October 1998 two DOAS instruments were installed at the level of the first floor and at the top of a building located in St. Petersburg at Pestelya Street. The collected datacovers the time period of December 1998–March 2001, and include concentrations of benzene, toluene, NO and NO₂, ozone and SO₂. There is also an additional information about the traffic intensity and meteorological conditions. The results of the analysis of this data set, using the OSPM model, are presented here with the goal to understand the features of the air pollution dispersion in this street canyon and to analyse the information about the emission factors of the vehicles. In particular, the model results are used for the solution of the inverse problem of reconstructing the emission factors from measured concentrations. The results obtained indicate that most of the concentrations are well inside the Russian standards with the only exception of NO₂ (mean and 98-th percentile are equal to 57.8 and 119.2 g m^-3 for the street level). The same values for benzene are 18.5 and 62.6, respectively. Emission estimates show that there is a possibility that the NO_x and benzene basic emission factors recommended by the Russian national guidelines could result in overestimating the traffic emissions. These considerations are supplemented with the model sensitivity tests carried out in connection with the problem of predictability of NO₂ concentrations in the street canyon. Tests indicate that NO₂ concentrations are not very sensitive to NO_x emissions because of the usually low urban background ozone levels.     

Adapting the Speciation of the VOCs Emission Inventory in the Greater Athens Area

An adaptation procedure of a new emission inventory of theGreater Athens Area is attempted, based on a sensitivityanalysis on the treatment of the VOC emissions. Throughthis procedure the impact that a more detailed treatment ofthe VOCs emissions might have on the atmospheric chemistrysimulations, is examined. For this analysis three differentchemical mechanisms were applied for two differentlocations (urban and city plume) with different VOC andNO_x mixture characteristics. Finally, this studyrecommends new carbon fractions, reflecting the localconditions in Athens basin.     

基于GIS的地震次生火灾蔓延范围模拟

地震次生火灾对人类的危害极大。笔者首先在对阻止火蔓延的因素进行分析以及对以往调查资料分析的基础上,确定了阻止火蔓延的距离与建筑物结构及防火类型的关系。然后,在阻止火蔓延距离的基础上,确定了地震次生火灾蔓延范围模拟的方法以及流程。最后,以汕头市为例,对地震次生火灾蔓延范围进行了模拟。通过对地震次生火灾蔓延范围的研究,为地震应急救灾提供了决策的科学依据。     

窄带水平集法下林火蔓延仿真研究

火焰锋面的追踪是建立林火蔓延模型及预测锋面位置的关键环节。基于水平集法追踪锋面具有求解灵活稳定、易于处理锋面拓扑结构变化的特点。针对传统水平集法重新初始化过程复杂、计算量较大的问题,根据距离函数定义,提出通过形态学膨胀的方法以锋面点为圆心向外膨胀,获得锋面附近窄带内每个点距离锋面的最近距离,重建窄带内的水平集函数,物理意义明确,有效减小了计算量,在此基础上基于林火速度场经验模型模拟了单火源及双火源的锋面蔓延情况。结果表明,该方法能够有效模拟坡度、风速等因素对火焰锋面的影响,为其在林火蔓延模型中的应用提供了基础。