城市街口规划设计与城市空气环境的关系

 城市大气环境同时涉及到大气科学和城市规划理论.本文从建筑与生态环境协调的角度出发,通过对典型实测数据的分析,考虑建筑物与风的相互作用特点,论述了街口形式对街道污染物扩散效果的影响,并对街口的生态设计原则提出了建议.     

城市街道机动车污染扩散模型研究动态

城市道路机动车排放污染扩散的研究主要有2个方面：城市尺度的街道交通大气污染扩散研究和微尺度的街道峡谷大气污染扩散研究，重点介绍国外城市街道峡谷的机动车污染扩散的3种主要研究方向；实地测量法、物理风洞实验和数值模拟法的现状与进展。     

关于建立“三峡工程环境生态监测网”的建议

本文简要叙述了建立三峡工程环境生态监测网络的必要性，以及它的主要职能和任务，并对监测的主要内容、监测网的组成、监测网成员单位的隶属关系等作了较详细的说明，同时建议把三峡工程环境生态监测中心设在重庆。     

宝鸡市滨河路不同植被环境污染的磁学响应

为理解城市道路绿化带不同植被叶片附尘对污染的磁学响应,对宝鸡市滨河路不同类型的植被叶片进行系统的环境磁学实验分析.结果表明,植被叶片中磁性矿物含量相对较低,主要的载磁矿物为假单畴和多畴的亚铁磁性矿物,同时含有赤铁矿,灌木植被叶片的磁性矿物浓度与粒径均大于乔木,其中χ_lf值平均值为6.49×10^-8m³/kg,相比较校园清洁区的植被叶片,表现出较高的浓度.滨河路植被叶片的饱和等温剩磁（SIRM）和非磁滞剩磁磁化率（χ_ARM）的变化范围分别为（964~1226）×10^-6Am²/kg和（9.9~44.7）×10^-8m³/kg,同样也都远高于校园植被叶片（453~771）×10^-6Am²/kg和（6.8~15.1）×10^-8m³/kg,表明亚铁磁性矿物的相对含量较高.磁学参数表现出一定的空间变化规律,随着高度的增大,植被叶片含有的磁性矿物浓度和粒径逐渐递减.随着高度逐渐递减.同一高度内不同种类植被记录的环境污染各有差异,灌木植被紫金叶女贞的叶片样品中含有较高的磁性矿物浓度,指示其具有更好的滞尘和防治污染的能力.植被叶片的磁性矿物浓度在滨河路东段十字路口与西段路口呈现两个高值中心,指示两个污染相对较为严重的区域.     

不同气温层结条件下地面加热对街谷扩散能力的影响

利用CFD数值模拟方法研究了气温层结与地面加热作用对街谷环流和污染物扩散的影响.针对高宽比为0.5和1.0的两种街谷,总共进行了18组敏感性数值试验,结果表明相对于气温层结,地表加热是决定街谷附近污染物扩散能力的更为重要的因素,地表加热作用可显著提高街谷的扩散能力.在地表存在加热的情况下,流场结构、空气交换系数、湍流强度总体上均朝着有利于清除街谷内污染物的方向发展,即使是在稳定层结下,地表加热作用所产生的热力环流也会使得污染物能够被有效地输送和扩散到街谷之外,从而使得近地面的污染物浓度下降.     

Effects of building aspect ratio, diurnal heating scenario, and wind speed on reactive pollutant dispersion in urban street canyons

A photochemistry coupled computational fluid dynamics (CFD) based numerical model has been developed to model the reactive pollutant dispersion within urban street canyons, particularly integrating the interrelationship among diurnal heating scenario (solar radiation affections in nighttime, daytime, and sun-rise/set), wind speed, building aspect ratio (building-height-to-street-width), and dispersion of reactive gases, specifically nitric oxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) and ozone (O₃) such that a higher standard of air quality in metropolitan cities can be achieved. Validation has been done with both experimental and numerical results on flow and temperature fields in a street canyon with bottom heating, which justifies the accuracy of the current model. The model was applied to idealized street canyons of different aspect ratios from 0.5 to 8 with two different ambient wind speeds under different diurnal heating scenarios to estimate the influences of different aforementioned parameters on the chemical evolution of NO, NO₂ and O₃. Detailed analyses of vertical profiles of pollutant concentrations showed that different diurnal heating scenarios could substantially affect the reactive gases exchange between the street canyon and air aloft, followed by respective dispersion and reaction. Higher building aspect ratio and stronger ambient wind speed were revealed to be, in general, responsible for enhanced entrainment of O₃ concentrations into the street canyons along windward walls under all diurnal heating scenarios. Comparatively, particular attention can be paid on the windward wall heating and nighttime uniform surface heating scenarios.     

Total pollution effect of urban surface runoff

For pollution research with regard to urban surface runo , most sampling strategies to date have focused on di erences in land usage. With single land-use sampling, total surface runo pollution e ect cannot be evaluated unless every land usage spot is monitored. Through a new sampling strategy known as mixed stormwater sampling for a street community at discharge outlet adjacent to river, this study assessed the total urban surface runo pollution e ect caused by a variety of land uses and the pollutants washed o from the rain pipe system in the Futian River watershed in Shenzhen City of China. The water quality monitoring indices were COD (chemical oxygen demand), TSS (total suspend solid), TP (total phosphorus), TN (total nitrogen) and BOD (biochemical oxygen demand). The sums of total pollution loads discharged into the river for the four indices of COD, TSS, TN, and TP over all seven rainfall events were very di erent. The mathematical model for simulating total pollution loads was established from discharge outlet mixed stormwater sampling of total pollution loads on the basis of four parameters: rainfall intensity, total land area, impervious land area, and pervious land area. In order to treat surface runo pollution, the values of MFF30 (mass first flush ratio) and FF30 (first 30% of runo volume) can be considered as split-flow control criteria to obtain more e ective and economical design of structural BMPs (best management practices) facilities.     

石家庄裕华路西段道路尘与表土重金属污染

城市道路尘与土壤表土是现代化城市环境变化的重要载体,记载了城市工业、交通和人类活动的环境影响。在城市化不断加快的背景下,重金属污染对人体潜在的危害越来越大,重金属污染监测已日益引起人们高度重视。磁化率在一定的环境中可作为重金属的替代指标,磁性测量成为城市环境污染监测的新途径新方法。通过对石家庄裕华路西段道路尘土与土壤表土样品的低频磁化率分析得出结论：裕华路西段道路尘磁化率自市中心向郊区逐渐降低,道路尘重金污染程度由市中心向郊区逐渐减弱;不同区位的道路尘与土壤表土重金属污染程度分别为中心区〉二环以内〉三环以内〉郊区和三环以内〉二环以内〉郊区〉市中心;同一区域的道路尘比土壤表土的重金属污染更严重。     

长春市主要街路代表性植物叶片铅含量分析

应用火焰原子吸收光谱法,对长春市14条主要街路交通密集地段两侧绿化带中采集到的12种代表性植物叶片的铅含量进行了分析。结果表明,植物叶片的铅含量范围在8.20 mg/kg～58.5 mg/kg之间,平均值为19.7 mg/kg。木本植物叶片的平均铅富集能力略低于草本植物,并且木本植物叶片平均铅含量的空间变异性较大;木本植物中杨树叶片的平均铅富集能力最强而榆树最低,草本植物中绣线菊的叶片平均铅富集能力最强而八宝景天最低;草本植物中绣线菊的叶片在所有供试植物叶片中平均铅富集能力最强,其次为木本植物中杨树的叶片,而草本植物中八宝景天的叶片平均铅富集能力最低。不同植物在同一街路以及同种植物在不同街路之间其叶片的铅含量都不同。     

地震液化引起地面侧向大变形研究评述

本文对地震液化引起的地面侧向大变形国内外研究现状从试验研究与分析计算方法两方面进行评述,探讨了液化侧向变形需要进一步研究的一些问题。